Structural geology deals with the deformation of rocks. After their formation, sedimentary and igneous rocks may remain undisturbed or are deformed to different degrees. A volume of rock may change shape, rotate bodily, fracture or be displaced from one place to another. Such changes may be visible to us, for example, by the tilting of horizontal strata, by development of folds in originally planar beds, by distortion of pebbles, fossils and mineral grains in rocks and by the fragmented character of an originally continuous bed. If these features are in a large scale, their three-dimensional forms are not visible to us; they can be studied only on the eroded surface of the earth. One of the primary objectives of structural geology is to determine three-dimensional forms of these structures mainly from observations on the surface. The first step of structural analysis of an area is to study the geometry of the structures, i.e. to study their morphology and orientation (or attitude), both by direct observation of small structures in the outcrop and by reconstruction of large structures <...>

There is nothing more essential to life on Earth than water. Yet, there is a global water crisis. People are struggling to access the quantity and quality of water they need for drinking, cooking, bathing, hand washing and growing their food. Rapid industrialization, population growth and unplanned urbanization have contributed to severe land and water pollution. The main sources of freshwater pollution can be attributed to direct discharge of untreated toxic industrial wastes and dumping of various industrial effluents. More than 40% of the world’s population resulted affected by water scarcity, and this problem is also featured in the UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6), “clean water and sanitation”. Currently, about 3 in 10 people lack safe drinking water and 6 in 10 lack inadequate sanitation systems. Globally, 844 million people lack access to clean water resulting in families and communities being locked in poverty for generations. Access to clean water as a stepping stone to development changes everything. Safe, secure, affordable and equitable access to clean water in particular for the poor is among the most relevant challenge to be faced in the next years. In 1993, the UN General Assembly designates March 22 as World Water Day and recognizes the importance of addressing the global water crisis each year with an amazing progress in making clean drinking water accessible to 2.6 billion people in developing countries from 1990 to 2015. There are still opportunities to multiply the benefits of clean water through improved sanitation and hygiene education <...>