The intention of this paper is to provide the user with a few essential and handy hints for variogram analysis. So often one is faced with the task of analysing the spatial continuity of a data set or with the task of generating a resource model using geostatistical techniques. However, practical guidelines for completing these tasks are few and far between and, even though one may attend a geostatistics course, time lapses between exposure to geostatistical techniques and actual application of the techniques to real situations is generally large enough for the handy hints of variography to be lost in the never-never land of memories. <...>

Hard rock mining is mainly concerned with metallic ores. The principles of geology and ore reserve estimation described in this chapter have application to all types of mining, but the particulars are curtailed when it comes to placer operations or the mining of industrial minerals, salt, and coal.

In the summer of 1963, when a group of Japanese scientists arrived at the aged building of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, run by the U. S. Geological Survey, there began a program of cooperation and friendship between American and Japanese volcanologists that continues to the present. The late Professor Takeshi Minakami, a top volcano-physicist long involved in research at various volcanoes, including Asama, then the most active volcano in Japan, led the Japanese group.

In a well stratified flysch in the French Pyrenees, the offset of layers along a fault zone provide good data of relative displacement. It is shown that the fault surface is composed of three right-stepping fractures that opened tensile bridges along small left-stepping fractures. Translation on the fault zone is parallel to the fault surface. The displacement vector field shows that the movement between the two blocks was not a rigid body translation and that deformation in the hanging wall is greater than that in the foot wall. Volume loss within the rock is compensated by volume increase close to the fault surface.

Calcite dissolution and reprecipitation by pressure solution is indicated by the occurrence of stylolites and numerous calcite-filled veins around the fault. Calcite dissolution is more important in the hanging wall, especially in layers where the calcite content is close to 60%. Both cathodoluminescence observations and rare-earths element patterns are in favour of calcite in veins and dominos coming from units adjacent to the fault. There is no evidence that some calcite coming from farther distance could have entered in the system.