The basic material for this book has been accumulated from time to time over the author’s working lifetime of about 40 years. The rules-and-pairs approach to Fourier transforms has been employed with good effect in a wide variety of problems, from pulse Doppler radar spectra to delay compensation, and antenna array patterns to efficient clutter simulation. It has been found generally easy and effective, quickly yielding useful results and allowing the user to see clearly the relationships between functions and transforms, waveforms and spectra, rather than losing sight of these in the complexities of integration. It seemed that the benefits of this approach should be better known, and the initial intention was to produce a technical note for use by the author’s colleagues and successors. However, the interest shown and encouragement given by Artech House have been gratefully received, and the opportunity to publicize the technique more widely has been taken.
The support of Roke Manor Research in providing the facilities and freedom to write this book is gratefully acknowledged, as are the backing of C. J. Tarran and the reviewing of S. H. W. Simpson. The final acknowledgment is to the publisher’s reviewer, remaining anonymous, who provided encouragement and useful comments.

Chapter 1 Complexity Concepts and Non-Integer Dimensions in Climate and Paleoclimate Research
Reik V. Donner
Chapter 2 Analysis of Fractal Dimension of the Wind Speed and Its Relationships with Turbulent and Stability Parameters 

Manuel Tijera, Gregorio Maqueda, Carlos Yagüe and José L. Cano
Chapter 3 Evolution of Cosmic System
Noboru Tanizuka

Fracture and in-situ stress characterization is fast-evolving as an essential part of characterizing hydrocarbon reserviors. In this book, the Geological Society presents a selection of sixteen chapters that demonstrate the tools, methods, analysis, interpretation and application of this subject. These are of great interest to researchers and scientists in the industry and academia. This chapter includes definitions pertinent to the subject of the book and gives an overview of the papers, classified into seven major themes according to the nature of the studies.

Carbon plays a fundamental role on Earth. It forms the chemical backbone for all essential organic molecules produced by living organisms. Carbon-based fuels supply most of society’s energy, and atmospheric carbon dioxide has a huge impact on Earth’s climate. This book provides a complete history of the emergence and development of the new interdisciplinary field of deep carbon science. It traces four centuries of history during which the inner workings of the dynamic Earth were discovered, and it documents the extraordinary scientific revolutions that changed our understanding of carbon on Earth forever: carbon’s origin in exploding stars; the discovery of the internal heat source driving the Earth’s carbon cycle; and the tectonic revolution. Written with an engaging narrative style and covering the scientific endeavors of about 150 pioneers of deep geoscience, this is a fascinating book for students and researchers working in Earth system science and deep carbon research.