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This volume contains the lectures presented at the NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE that took place at Newark, Delaware, U.S.A., July 14-23, 1985. The objective of this meeting was to present and discuss selected topics associated with transport phenomena in porous media. By their very nature, porous media and phenomena of transport of extensive quantities that take place in them, are very complex. The solid matrix may be rigid, or deformable (elastically, or following some other constitutive relation), the void space may be occupied by one or more fluid phases. Each fluid phase may be composed of more than one component, with the various components capable of interacting among themselves and/or with the solid matrix. The transport process may be isothermal or non-isothermal, with or without phase changes. <...>
Volcanoes are an astonishing manifestation of the activity of planets and their satellites, as observed in active and/or fossil examples on Earth, Mars, Venus, Mercury, the Moon and the Jovian satellite Io. On Earth, volcanoes are one of the most impressive evidence of the same imbalance in energy that is also driving plate tectonics. Active volcanoes have terrified and at the same time fascinated populations and civilizations for thousands of years.
Part I Landslide Interactions with the Built Environment Session Introduction—Landslide Interaction with the Built Environment M.G. Winter, T.A. Dijkstra, and J. Wasowski Landslide Risk Assessment for the Built Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa
Peter Redshaw, Tom Dijkstra, Matthew Free, Colm Jordan, Anna Morley, and Stuart Fraser Rainfall-Induced Debris Flow Risk Reduction: A Strategic Approach Mike G. Winter RUPOK: An Online Landslide Risk Tool for Road Networks Michal Bíl, Richard Andrášik, Jan Kubeček, Zuzana Křivánková, and Rostislav Vodák The Impact (Blight) on House Value Caused by Urban Landslides in England and Wales William Disberry, Andy Gibson, Rob Inkpen, Malcolm Whitworth, Claire Dashwood, and Mike Winter Landslide Monitoring and Counteraction Technologies in Polish Lignite Opencast Mines
The digital era has caused an outstanding change in the acquisition of information concerning our planet. We are accustomed to an uninterrupted monitoring by means of satellite imagery, measurements of ground deformation in the context of geodynamical studies, seismic and geochemical data acquisition, etc. Continuous data acquisition in Earth sciences, in general, and geophysics, in particular, leads to the accumulation of a huge amount of information. Terabytes and Terabytes of data pile up in digital archives over short times. Often, we are left without a key to these archives, which turn them into “data graves,” containing precious information difficult to unearth. In addition, many geological processes are slow phenomena, the study of which comes along with the need to cover time spans as long as possible. Therefore, the necessity to “unearth” old archives becomes of paramount importance <...>
The geologic story of North America is a fascinating one. It’s also more than 4 billion years long—much more than we could ever hope to cover here. However, if you’re curious about the world around you, enjoy the big-picture perspective, and are interested in some of the processes that are constantly reshaping our planet, here’s a crash course on the basics. It’s a good place to start on your aerial tour of the continent’s most breathtaking landforms.
From the point of view of geomagnetism, the earth may be considered as made up of three parts: core, mantle and crust (Figure 1.1). Convection processes in the liquid part of the iron core give rise to a dipolar geomagnetic field that resembles that of a large bar-magnet aligned approximately along the earth's axis of rotation (Figure 1.2). The mantle plays little part in the earth's magnetism, while interaction of the (past and present) geomagnetic field with the rocks of the Earth's crust produces the magnetic anomalies recorded in detailed (e.g. aeromagnetic) surveys carried out close to the earth's surface.
African Mineral and Energy Resources Classification and Management System (AMREC) is a continental system for management of Africa’s mineral and energy resources.
The AMREC is based on United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) Principles, Generic Specifications and Guidelines and is aligned to Africa Mining Vision (AMV) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Adapting to national or local needs, the AMREC provides the specifications and guidelines required for sustainable development of Africa’s mineral and energy resources.
For many centuries Africa’s rich mineral endowment has shaped the fortunes of its peoples and the environment. Beginning in the early twenty-first century, the commodities price boom and concerns about human impacts on the environment have seen increasing value placed on the continent’s renewable and non-renewable natural resources. Operators explored and extracted mineral and energy resources at an unprecedented pace during the boom, with regulators scrambling to keep up. The limitations of the so-called commodities super cycle soon became apparent to Africa’s policymakers and investors alike, however, prompting a need for revised approaches to resource governance in the past five years.1 At the same time, competing land and water uses, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity remain key concerns for climate change mitigation and environmental conservation. This raises an enduring question: How does Africa develop its mineral fortune sustainably, both in environmental and in socio-economic terms? The concentration of low-income, resource-dependent countries in Africa places it at the center of global debates about sustainable development and the extractive industries. <...>
Fossil hunting is by far the most fascinating of all sports. It has some danger, enough to give it zest and probably about as much as in the average modern engineered big-game hunt, and the danger is wholly to the hunter. It has uncertainty and excitement and all the thrills of gambling with none of its vicious features. The hunter never knows what his bag may be, perhaps nothing, perhaps a creature never before seen by human eyes. It requires knowledge, skill, and some degree of hardihood. And its results are so much more important, more worthwhile, and more enduring that those of any other sport! The fossil hunter does not kill, he resurrects. And the result of this sport is to add to the sum of human pleasure and to the treasure of human knowledge.
