The book explains the key notions and fundamental processes of the dynamics of the fluid envelopes of the Earth (transposable to other planets) from the unifying viewpoint of rotating shallow-water model (RSW). The model, in its one- or two-layer versions, plays a distinguished role in geophysical fluid dynamics. It has been used now for about acentury to aid conceptual understanding of various phenomena, for elaboration of approaches and methods to be used later in more complete models, for development and testing of numerical codes and schemes of data assimilations, and for many other purposes.

Inverse solutions are key problems in many natural sciences. They form the basis of our understanding of the world surrounding us. Whenever we try to learn something about physical laws, the internal structure of the earth or the nature of the Universe, we collect data and try to extract the required information from these data. This is the actual solution of the inverse problem.

Evaluating Different Geophysical Monitoring Techniques for Geological Carbon Storage Lianjie Huang and Xianjin Yang 

Part I Geodetic and Surface Monitoring

Geodetic Monitoring of the Geological Storage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Donald Vasco, Alessandro Ferretti, Alessio Rucci, Giacomo Falorni, Sergey Samsonov,  Don White, and Magdalena Czarnogorska 
Surface Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting (MVA) for Geologic Sequestration Storage Samuel Clegg, Kristy Nowak-Lovato, Robert Currier, Julianna Fessenden, and Ronald Martinez
Part II Subsurface Seismic Monitoring

Geophysics is an essential part of most modern mineral exploration programs for iron oxide copper-gold deposits. This paper reviews the important physical properties, which are the basis for the application of geophysical methods, and attempts to illustrate and summarise the ways they have been applied with data and images from selected deposits. Some comments are provided on their historical effectiveness and the role of these methods in an overall program, which must use all available data from geology, mineralogy, geochemistry and geophysics.