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Steel pipes used in transporting oil and gas are either hotrolled seamless pipes or spiral or axially welded pipes, respectively. Pipes manufactured according to API Standards are used mostly by the oil- and gas-industry all over the world. On the basis of API Spec. 5L-1978 Tuhlc 6.1 - l gives the main characteristics of thc plainend pipes of 1/8"- 1 1/2" nominal diameters. The main parameters of the pipes exceeding these sizes arc given in Tuhle 6.1-2. The table was constructed on the basis of API Spec. 5L- 1978, 5LX- 1978. 5LS- 1978, and 5LU- 1972. For each OD of the pipes the following data are given: the smallest and largest mass per length of the pipes (Column 3); the wall thickness (Column 4): the corresponding smallest and largest IDS (Column 5); and, besides, Table 6.1 -2 shows that how many kinds of pipes of standard sizes manufactured according to the above specifications are available within the range of the given size limits (Columns 6-9). The tolerance of the OD depends both on the pipe-size and its mode of fabrication. The maximum admissible tolerance is 1 percent. The tolerance of the wall-thickness varies also depending on the pipe-size mode of fabrication. The maximum admissible tolerances range between +20 and - 12.5 percents. Pipe ends are bevelled to facilitate butt welding. Unless there is an agreement to the contrary the bevel angle is 30" (tolerance + 5" -Oo) as measured from a plane perpendicular to the pipe axis. The height of the unbevelled pipeface, perpendicular to the axis should be 1.59 mm with a tolerance of kO.79 mm. <...>

This volume is devoted to the memory of the Russian petrologist D.S. Korzhinskiy. The world community of geoscientists has highly valued his contributions to petrology, particularly the discovery and thermodynamic description of open systems with perfectly mobile components. Korzhinskiy's work reached this community's attention because his book Physicochemical Basis of the Analysis of the Paragenesis of Minerals (1959, Consultants Bureau, New York) was translated into English. However, in the Soviet Union D.S. Korzhinskiy is also highly regarded for his contributions to geology and study of ore deposits as well as to theoretical petrology. Stratigraphy and geology of the Precambrian Aldan shield in Eastern Siberia; origin of lapis lazuli and phlogopite deposits and iron formations; boron mineralization; genesis of skarns and general theory of metasomatic zoning; origin of granites, charnockites and anorthosites; theory of the acid-basic interaction of components in the dry silicate melts: all of these were subjects of his more than 200 papers and books. The papers in the present volume span Korzhinskiy's broad interests. These papers were selected with the aim of illustrating the progress made in physicochemical petrology since Korzhinskiy.

This book is about raising finance for the international petroleum industry, an industry that represents one of the most important sectors in the modern world’s economy. The activities of the petroleum industry span the globe and many of its products have become essential for modern society. At its core, the industry is about providing energy in the form of fuels, especially for transportation and electrical power generation. This is achieved by extracting and transporting raw materials from underground reservoirs, processing these materials into fuels and then delivering the final products to end-consumers in all parts of the world. This industry is, however, about more than just fuels. The hydrocarbon molecules that the industry extracts from the earth are also used to produce a wide range of other important materials. The petrochemicals industry produces the vast majority of synthetic materials including: plastics, polymers, synthetic rubbers, detergents, solvents and so on. The refining industry produces waxes, lubricants and bitumens. More specialist petroleum processes produce fertilisers, pharmaceuticals and other essential chemicals <...>