A recent paper in this journal (J.-P. Brim. The cluster-ridge pattern of mantled gneiss domes in eastern Finland: evidence for large-scale gravitational instability of the Proterozoic crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 47 (1980) 441-449) resurrects Eskola's [I] concept of the mantled gneiss dome in the early Proterozoic Svecokarelian fold bell of Finland. The author cites amongst others, the Kuopio, Juojarvi, Maarianvaara. Kontiolahti, Liperi, Oravisalo and Sotkuma domes (see Fig. 1) as examples of the diapiric upwelling of lower-density, granitic Archaean basement rocks, into more dense, overlying Karelian metasedimentary formations. The distribution of these basement structures is interpreted as reflecting a periodicity. which by analogy with the centrifuge experiments of Ramberg [2], is a function of the interlayer density contrast and the layer thicknesses.

Mud resistivity can be verified using the BKZ curve using the non –permeable interval with interval thickness / Bit Size > 16 and RT considerably higher than Mud resistivity.
BKZ departure curve is plotted on logarithmic transparency together with Bit Size constant vertical line (X axis AO/BS, Y axis Rapp/Rm). Bit size constant is overlaid with BS line on No-Invasion chart for appropriate device type (lateral or normal) The transparency is moved vertically along the BS line on the chart until the BKZ curve is matched with the chart (specifically the left part of the curve )  Verified RM  is defined as the Y value of the transparency grid crossed by Rapp / Rmud = 1 line (chart cross). Mud resistivity value is read from the transparency grid, RT defined as Y value on the chart grid where the BKZ measurement curve crosses the A line on the chart

The purpose of the field trip is to show the standard and reference Carboniferous sections of the eastern slope of the South Urals. The area of the excursion is on the border of the Chelyabinsk Region and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The guidebook includes a summary of geology and Carboniferous stratigraphy of the Urals. Eight geological objects of the excursions are described and illustrated. The Verkhnyaya Kardailovka section, a candidate for the base of the Serpukhovian GSSP, is described in detail. A Devonian-Carboniferous section near Verkhneuralsk, the stratotype of the Lower Viséan Ustgrekhovkian Horizon on the Ural River, and Bashkirian organic buildups on the Bolshoi Kizil and Khudolaz rivers are described.

Chemical weathering of silicate minerals results from the differences in the thermodynamic conditions that existed at the time of mineral formation and that of ambient conditions at the earth's surface. The solid state characteristics of silicate minerals, generally established at high temperature and/or pressures, continue to be reflected during weathering through mineral compositions, crystallographic structures and the petrographic fabric and textures of rocks. The ambient processes which most influence silicate weathering are associated with the flow and chemistry of water at the earth's surface. The term "weathering" implies strong dependency on processes associated with the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. <...>