Translational symmetry is firmly established as the key property characterizing the crystalline state of matter. This is founded in the successes of translational symmetry in explaining physical properties of crystalline compounds and Bragg reflections in their diffraction patterns, as well as in the many substances that possess periodic atomic structures. An alternative and perhaps better characterization of the crystalline state is by long-range order of the atomic structure. The past fifty years have seen a continuous increase of the awareness that long-range order can be achieved differently than by translational symmetry. Modulated crystals and composite crystals have atomic structures that can be described as variations on periodic structures, while quasicrystals differ from crystals with translational symmetry in a more fundamental way. This book presents the methods of structural analysis of incommensurately modulated crystals and incommensurate composite crystals <...>

This handbook has grown out of the lectures the author has giren at the Faculty of Sciences at Charles University. It takes into consideration the world literature on the subject and the work done by Czech and Slovak economic geologists since the establishment of centralized geological servioe in Czechoslovakia in 1952; these results were published in scientific journals, archive reports, and especially in monographs on the industrial minerals <...>

When using infrared spectroscopy for the study of minerals, researchers often face a number of specific difficulties. This may be due to various factors, including lack of available substance, small sizes of monomineral grains and aggregates, the presence of structural impurities and mechanical inclusions, instability of some minerals, scattering effects, atmospheric disturbance, background noice, anomalous dispersion, interference, etc. One can distinguish three kinds of sources of errors and artifacts in IR spectroscopy of minerals, which are connected with experimental procedures, data proceeding and data interpretation <...>

International Tables for Crystallography, Volume F, Crystallography of Biological Macromolecules, was commissioned by the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) in recognition of the extraordinary contributions that knowledge of macromolecular structure has made, and will make, to the analysis of biological systems, from enzyme catalysis to the workings of a whole cell.