In general, naturally occurring rocks are saturated with fluids, water, oil, or gas (Amyx et al. 1960). Any formation rock can produce oil, gas, and water which are considered as reservoir rock. A reservoir rock is a rock has an adequate permeability and porosity to permit fluids flow, to accumulate and to extract in viable volumes (Daniel and Lapedes 1978).

Normally, hydrocarbons exist in sandstones, carbonate, and shales formations and also are present in metamorphic and igneous rocks (basement rock). The principal reservoir rocks are sandstone and carbonate formations. Typically, the physical properties and the composition of the sandstone and carbonate reservoir rocks are varying (Cecil 1949). Therefore, known the physical properties of reservoir rocks, reservoir engineers can estimate the hydrocarbon reserve and identified the ultimate reservoir recovery and determine the best effective production that is economically viable under the existing condition <...>

Parameter estimation is a subject that is standard fare in the many books available on statistics. These books range from the highly theoretical expositions written by statisticians to the more practical treatments contributed by the many users of applied statistics. This text is an attempt to strike a balance between these two extremes. The particular audience we have in mind is the community involved in the design and implementation of signal processing algorithms. As such, the primary focus is on obtaining optimal estimation algorithms that may be implemented on a digital computer. The data sets are therefore assumed to be samples of a continuous-time waveform or a sequence of data points. The choice of topics reflects what we believe to be the important approaches to obtaining an optimal estimator and analyzing its performance. As a consequence, some of the deeper theoretical issues have been omitted with references given instead. <...>

Our modern society has a constant need for raw materials and energy. An on-going effort in exploration and research is necessary, therefore, to discover and develop them. And, in this effort, it is better to appeal to geology than to rely on chance. Geology is by definition "the study of the planet Earth. It is concerned with the origin of the planet, the material and morphology of the Earth, and its history and the processes that acted (and act) upon it to affect its historic and present forms" (Glossary of Geology, 1980).