El concepto de espacios marítimos, su extensión y límites, así como las actividades de los Estados, las personas y las comunidades costeras, entre otros temas, son hechos tan antiguos como la humanidad misma. Durante el siglo pasado el derecho del mar experimentó un cambio notable en cuanto a la expansión del Estado hacia la alta mar, el establecimiento de un régimen para los fondos marinos y el cambio cualitativo de los derechos y regímenes aplicables en los océanos.

Fractures are a universal element in sedimentary rock layers, so much that they are virtually omnipresent in outcrops of sedimentary rocks. Think of all the outcrops of sedimentary rocks that you have ever seen and try to recall a layer that was completely unfractured, with the possible exception of extremely ductile rock, such as salt or certain shales, you will not be able to recall any unfractured rocks simply because they do not exist. Further, it has been demonstrated over and over again that the vast majority of fractures observed in outcrop are not solely the result of surface conditions. In other words, the fractures seen in outcrop also exist in the subsurface. Therefore, it follows that hydrocarbon reservoirs in sedimentary rock all contain fractures and most of them are fractured enough to be treated as fractured reservoirs. <...>

The North American Cordillera is home to a greater diversity of volcanic provinces than any comparably sized region in the world. The interplay between changing plate-margin interactions, tectonic complexity, intra-crustal magma differentiation, and mantle melting have resulted in a wealth of volcanic landscapes. Field trips in this series visit many of these landscapes, including (1) active subduction-related arc volcanoes in the Cascade Range;

The heat or thermal energy of the Earth (geothermal) is enormous. It exceeds (by many orders of magnitude) the energy of all known resources of coal, oil, and natural gas (the fossil fuels). With such a tremendous energy resource, why are we still using fossil fuels? The answer is complex but basically boils down to this: Although the flow of heat from the Earth to the surface is continuous and steadfast, it is not uniformly distributed.