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Fine-grained, mud-rich turbidite systems primarily occur in basins with a large fluvial input. Depositional models derived from sand-rich turbidite systems are not appropriate because the large volume of mud in fine-grained turbidite systems produces different sediment distribution patterns, geomorphic features, and internal architecture at bed-to-sequence scales. Many of the chapters in this volume demonstrate that understanding fine-grained turbidite systems requires a number of steps and degrees of resolution, very similar to the range of data utilized in the oil industry. Industrial examples include 2-D and 3-D seismic, cores, and well logs. To refine the understanding of a turbidite field, the earth scientist must integrate the most applicable models with subsurface data, outcrop analyses, modern analogs, and experimental results. <...>
Thin continuous laminated bedding-parallel quartz veins (BPVs) with slip-striated and fibred vein walls occur within slates, or at their contact with sandstones, on the limbs of chevron folds in the Bendigc-Castlemaine goldfields, southeastern Australia. Two microstructural Types of BPV (I and II) have been previously recognized, and are confirmed in this study. Both types are concluded to have formed during and/or after crenulation cleavage (the first tectonic axial planar structure) in the wallrock slates, and during flexural-slip folding. Type I BPVs consist of syntaxial phyllosilicate inclusion trails, parallel to bedding, enclosing inclined inclusion bands, the latter formed by detachment of wallrock phyllosilicate particles from the walls of pressure solution-segmented discordant tension veins. Type I BPVs are formed by bedding-parallel shear, and grow in width by propagation of the discordant veins into the BPV walls. Type II veins are composed of quartz bands separated by wallrock slate seams which have split away from the vein wall during dilatant shear opening. They incorporate numerous torn-apart fragments of crenulated wallrock slate. Type I BPV inclusion band average spacing of 0.5 mm probably represents the magnitude of slip increments during stick-slip flexural-slip folding activity
High-energy megafloods: planetary settings and sedimentary dynamics V.R. Baker Late Quaternary catastrophic flooding in the Altai Mountains of south–central Siberia: a synoptic overview and an introduction to flood deposit sedimentology P.A. Carling, A.D. Kirkbride, S. Parnachov, P.S. Borodavko and G.W. Berger Great Holocene floods along Jökulsá á Fjöllum, north Iceland R.B. Waitt Glacial outwash floods November 1996 jökulhlaup on Skeibarársandur outwash plain, Iceland Á. Snorrason, P. Jónsson, O. SigurBsson, S. Pálsson, S. Árnason , S. Víkingsson and I. Kaldal
NICHOLAS, A. R & MCLELLAND, S. J. Hydrodynamics of a floodplain recirculation zone investigated by field monitoring and numerical simulation
ALEXANDER, J., FIELDING, C. R. & POCOCK, G. D. Floodplain behaviour of the Burdekin River, tropical north Oueensland, Australia
WALLING, D. E. Using fallout radionuclides in investigations of contemporary overbank sedimentation on the floodplains of British rivers
VAN DER PERK, M., BURROUGH, P. A., CULLING, A. S. C., LAPTEV, G. V., PRISTER, B., SANSONE, U. VOITESKHOVITCH, O. V. Source and fate of Chernobyl-derived radiocaesium on floodplains in Ukraine
GOMEZ, B., EDEN, D. N., HICKS, D. M, TRUSTRAUM, N. A., PEACOCK, D. H. & WILMSHURST, J. Contribution of floodplain sequestration to the sediment budget of the Waipaoa River, New Zealand
In 1949 a large bastn8site deposit was discovered at Mountain Pass, Cal if. Subsequent development of the deposit made the Uni ted States the worl d's largest source of rare-earth minerals. Since 1965, bastnisi te, a f luocarbonate of the cerium-group metals, REFC03, has replaced monazite as the principal source of rare earths; in 1978 it accounted for more than ha l f of the world production (§_).3 Rare-earth a lloys and compounds are used in petroleum crac.kin.g catalysts, ductile iron and high-strength, lo..,..alloy (HSLA) steel production, high- energy pertn4lnent magnets, color tel evi si on pi cture tubes, glass polishing and decolorizing, and ceramics. <...>
Flow and Transport Through Unsaturated Fractured Rock: An Overview D.D. Evans, T. C. Rasmussen, and T. J. Nicholson
Numerical Modeling of Isothermal and Nonisothermal Flow in Unsaturated Fractured Rock: A Review K. Pruess and J. S. Y. Wang
Dynamic Channeling of Flow and Transport in Saturated and Unsaturated Heterogeneous Media Chin-Fu Tsang, Yvonne W. Tsang, Jens Birkholzer, and Luis Moreno
Pressure Wave vs. Tracer Velocities Through Unsaturated Fractured Rock Todd C. Rasmussen
Faults and their deeper-level equivalents, shear zones are localized regions of higher strain which effectively accommodate differential movement in the Earth's crust and mantle during deformation of the lithosphere. Shear zones may be more precisely defined as approximately tabular regions of concentrated deformation and flow across which adjacent relatively undeformed rock units are offset.
The Bolivian Sub-Andean Zone (SAZ) corresponds to a Neogene thrust system that affects an about 10-km thick Palaeozoic to Neogene siliciclastic succession. The analysis of macro and microstructures and cement distribution in thrust fault zones shows that they are sealed by quartz at depths > 3 km, due to local silica transfer by pressure-solution/precipitation activated at temperatures >70–90 C. At shallower depths, faults have remained open and could be preferential drains for lateral flow of carbonate-bearing fluids, as shown by the occurrence of carbonate cements in fractures and their host-sandstone. Due to decreasing burial, resulting from foothill erosion during fault activity, critically buried fault segments can be affected by nonquartz-sealed structures that post-date initial quartz-sealed structures. The integration of textural, fluid inclusion and isotopic data shows that carbonates precipitated at shallow depth ( < 3 km), low temperature ( < 80 C) and relatively late during the thrusting history. Isotopic data also show that precipitation occurred from the mixing of gravity-driven meteoric water with deeper formation water bearing carbonate carbon derived from the maturation of hydrocarbon source rocks (Silurian and Devonian shales). The combined microstructural and isotopic analyses indicate that: (i) fluid flow in fault zones often occurred with successive pulses derived from different or evolving sources and probably related to episodic fault activity, and (ii) at a largescale, the faults have a low transverse permeability and they separate thrust sheets with different fluid histories.
The fluid is sealed in the host crystal, as an independent closed system of the phase boundary. To understand this definition, the following geological terms are carefully expanded:
(1) The diagenetic and ore-forming fluids in the definition refer to the fluid media, such as magma, solution, and gases around the main minerals, from which the inclusions are captured. They do not include the media’s debris such as crystal chips, cuttings, and crystals.