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Fossil oysters are among the most common and well preserved faunal elements in Cretaceous sediments. With few exceptions, however, they have been ignored in evolutionary studies and biostra-tigraphy. Although countless species have been described, the taxonomy of the group is confusing and inconsistent. It seems ironic, therefore, that they are one of the groups most suited to modern population systematics. The present investigation attempts to demonstrate the feasibility of detailed systematic and evolutionary study, faunal zonation, and regional correlation based on oysters. It employs simple biometric analysis of large collections, from numerous localities, distinct stratigraphic levels, and diverse sediment types. I have chosen for this purpose a typical lophid species group centered around Lopha lugubris (Conrad), and including L. bellaplicata bellaplicata (Shumard), L. bellaplicata novamexicana, n. subsp., and varieties of these forms.
Данный атлас является результатом семимесячной кропотливой работы с картами. Его основой является серия карт с нанесенной экономической обстановкой нефтяной промышленности, которая полностью была пересмотрена и дополнена. Миллениум атлас - это действительно уникальный проект, содержащий информацию о более, чем 150,000 нефтегазовых месторождений в важнейших регионах нашей планеты, производящих энергию. Атлас также содержит информацию о расположении главных портов, терминалов, перерабатывающих заводов, СПГ в местах хранения и нефтегазопроводов
The science of igneous petrology requires three things: igneous rocks, human beings, and an appropriate methodology for the acquisition of knowledge and understanding about the igneous rocks. Magmatic activity and igneous rocks have characterized the crust throughout the 4.5 billion years of Earth history.
This revised handbook addresses mine closure, one of the themes in the Leading Practice Sustainable Development (LPSD) Program. The program aims to identify key issues affecting sustainable development in the mining industry and provide information and case studies that illustrate a sustainable basis for the industry. A number of other themed handbooks in the series complement this handbook. The leading practice handbooks integrate all phases of mineral production, from exploration to post-closure and relinquishment.
Mining has played an instrumental role in the development of modern society. These benefits have associated impacts and risks that must be managed by mining companies to retain their social licence to operate. A critical risk remains the ability to sustainably close mining operations. The concept of planning and executing mine closure has existed for a number of decades with the overarching philosophy “that closure should be considered throughout the lifecycle of a mine, from cradle to cradle” (Grant 2018). Regardless, there remain very few examples worldwide of successful mine closure and subsequent lease relinquishment, with notable exceptions (e.g. Grant 2006; Lacy & Bennett 2015). A major part of the challenge is that closure planning is rarely seen within the culture of the industry as a core business activity, and subsequently it is rarely integrated with other mineplanning activities more relevant to the day-to-day operation of the mine (e.g. short and medium mine planning, LoAP). This is generally due to the lack of ownership of closure issues by the site mine management teams, as closure is either seen as being too far into the future or someone else’s problem. This is despite the establishment of clear closure policy by most mining corporations and the many changes in mine closure related regulation around the globe <...>
The Earth’s Crust is the topmost solid layer of the Earth which has a thickness of 30–35 km in the continents and 5–6 km in the oceans (the Mantle and the Core being the other two inner parts of the earth). According to F.W. Clarke, the abundance of Chemical elements in the earth’s crust is shown in Table 1.1. The chemical elements that occur in the earth’s crust in compound forms are known as minerals. However, certain elements like Gold, Silver, Platinum and Copper often occur in native form.
The Middle Miocene Orduzu volcanic suite, which is a part of the widespread Neogene Yamadag˘ volcanism of Eastern Anatolia, consists of a rhyolitic lava flow, rhyolitic dykes, a trachyandesitic lava flow and basaltic trachyandesitic dykes. Existence of mafic enclaves and globules in some of the volcanic rocks, and microtextures in phenocrysts indicate that magma mingling and mixing between andesitic and basaltic melts played an important role in the evolution of the volcanic suite. Major and trace element characteristics of the volcanic rocks are similar to those formed in convergent margin settings.
Although aspects of mineral deposit evaluation are covered in such texts as McKinstry (1948), Peters (1978), Reedman (1979) and Barnes (1980), no widely available in-depth treatment of the subject has been presented. It is thus the intention of the present book to produce a text which is suitable for both undergraduate and postgraduate students of mining geology and mining engineering and which, at the same time, is of use to those already following a professional career in the mining industry. An attempt has been made to present the material in such a way as to be intelligible to the average geologist, or engineer, who is perhaps daunted by the more mathematical approach to the subject of orereserves found in more specialist books and papers. Although most of the theory in this book is written using metric units, individual case histories are described using the units employed at each mine at the time of writing <...>
Conceptual models that describe the essential characteristics of groups of similar deposits have a long and useful role in geology. The first models were undoubtedly empirical attempts to extend previous experiences into future success. An example might be the seeking of additional gold nuggets in a stream in which one nugget had already been found, and the extension of that model to include other streams as well. Emphasis within the U.S. Geological Survey on the synthesis of mineral deposit models (as contrasted with a long line of descriptive and genetic studies of specific ore deposits) began with the collation by R. L. Erickson (1982) of 48 models. The 85 descriptive deposit models and 60 grade-tonnage models presented here are the culmination of a process that began in 1983 as part of the USGS-INGEOMINAS Cooperative Mineral Resource Assessment of Colombia (Hodges and others, 1984). Effective cooperation on this project required that U.S. and Colombian geologists agree on a classification of mineral deposits, and effective resource assessment of such a broad region required that grade-tonnage models be created for a large
number of mineral deposit types. A concise one-page format for descriptive models was drawn up by Dennis CO X, Donald Singer, and Byron Berger, and Singer devised a graphical way of presenting grade and tonnage data. Sixty-five descriptive models (Cox, 1983a and b) and 37 grade-tonnage models (Singer and Mosier, 1983a and b) were applied to the Colombian project. Because interest in these models ranged far beyond the Colombian activity, it was decided to enlarge the number of models and to include other aspects of mineral deposit modeling. Our colleagues in
the Geological Survey of Canada have preceded this effort by publishing a superb compilation of models of deposits important in Canada (Eckstrand, 1984). Not urprisingly, our models converge quite well, and in several cases we have drawn freely from the Canadian publication.
