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Carbonate reservoirs hold 60% of the world’s hydrocarbon reserves. In order to obtain a reliable estimate of reserves in a given reservoir and also to prepare a development plan for optimum production of hydrocarbons from the reservoir, a quantitative assessment of the petrophysical parameters of the reservoir is essential. However, petrophysical properties of carbonates are not easy to predict because of the post-depositional processes like dissolution, re-crystallization and re-precipitation, which alter the properties of the carbonate reservoirs and make them extremely heterogeneous and, hence, bear a profound effect on the productivity and flow dynamics in the reservoir. However, we lack an adequate understanding of how to dynamically model these post-depositional processes. The evolution of porosity through dissolution channels, solution vugs, fractures, etc., is all post-depositional processes. For realistic modelling of the reservoir, we need to understand the dynamics of the fluid flow through the complex network of the carbonate matrix. This calls for proper integration of various geophysical, geological, petrophysical, core data and dynamic data such as MDT, PLT, well test analysis. <...>
Such evolution of language is natural and well-established. For instance, “Geochronology” was originally coined during the waning stages of the great Age-of-the-Earth debate as a means of distinguishing timescales relevant to Earth processes from timescales relevant to humans (Williams 1893). Eighty-eight years later, Berger and York (1981) coined the term “Thermochronology,” which has evolved as a branch of geochronology aimed at constraining thermal histories of rocks, where (typically) the thermally activated diffusive loss of a radiogenic daughter governs the ages we measure.
Granite petrology has achieved significant progress since Tuttle and Bowen (1958) wrote the monograph on the Origin of granite in the light of experimental studies in the system NaAISi308-KAISi308-SiOrH20. Since then, the components CaAI2Si20 s, FeO, MgO, and excess alumina have been added to the pure system Ab-Or-Qz-H20 in order to include plagioclase and common mafic minerals in the investigations.
The process of rock metamorphism changes the mineralogical and chemical composition, as well as the structure of rocks. Metamorphism is typically associated with elevated temperature and pressure; thus it affects rocks within the earth's crust and mantle. The process is driven by changing physical and or chemical conditions in response to large-scale geological dynamics.
Igneous rocks formed at relatively high temperatures of approximately 650° to 1200°C and sediments deposited at the earth's surface represent extreme ends of the temperature range realized in the processes of rock formation.
This new edition of “Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks” has several completely revised chapters and all chapters have updated references and additional or redrawn figures. All chapters of the book have been rewritten. The references made to important websites relating to metamorphic petrology tutorials, software, mail base, etc. have been updated. However, it should be noted that some of the links to these sites might fail to work in the future. A large number of new figures showing assemblage stability diagrams have been computed using the Theriak/Domino software by Ch. de Capitani of the University of Basel.
Rock metamorphism is a geological process that changes the mineralogical and chemical composition, as well as the structure of rocks. Metamorphism is typically associated with elevated temperature and pressure, thus it affects rocks within the earth’s crust and mantle. The process is driven by changing physical and/or chemical conditions in response to large-scale geological dynamics. Consequently, it is inherent in the term, that metamorphism always is related to a precursor state where the rocks had other mineralogical and structural attributes. Metamorphism, metamorphic processes and mineral transformations in rocks at elevated temperatures and pressures are fundamentally associated with chemical reactions in rocks. Metamorphism does not include, by definition, similar processes that occur near the earth’s surface such as weathering, cementation and diagenesis. The transition to igneous processes is gradual, and metamorphism may include partial melting. The term metasomatism is used if modification of the rocks bulk composition is the dominant metamorphic process. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have developed their mineralogical and structural characteristics by metamorphic processes <...>
The platinum-group minerals (PGM) are a diverse group of minerals that concentrate the platinum-group elements (PGE; Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd). At the time of writing, the International Mineralogical Association database includes 135 named discrete PGM phases. Much of our knowledge of the variety and the distribution of these minerals in natural systems comes from ore deposits associated with mafic and ultramafic rocks and their derivatives (see also Barnes and Ripley 2016, this volume).
Granitoid rock compositions from a range of tectonic environments are plotted on a multicationic diagram devised by de la Roche and his coworkers. This shows that there is a systematic change through an orogenic cycle which leads progressively to the ultimate development of alkaline magmas. Possible source materials and mechanisms of magma generation are considered from analysis of mineral compositional vectors. These suggest that most granitoid series result from a two-stage process. First, fractional crystallisation of clinopyroxene, olivine and calcic plagioclase from a basic source with tholeiitic affinities produces a magma of intermediate composition. This magma then undergoes periodic mixing with a felsic magma followed by in situ fractionation to generate individual intrusions within granitoid series.
Petrography of igneous end Metamorphic Rxks is designed for students taking their first course in petrography. It combines, in a single book, a compilation of the optica) properties of the common rock-forming m nerals. descriptions of the textures and structures of igneous and metamorphic rocks, and a treatment of the classification of these rocks. The book deals with the description of rocks, not their origins. The coverage is not exhaustive and is limited to what students are likely to encounter and need to know in an introductory petrography course. The material is organized so as to make it as rapidly accessible as possible, for those who have not previously had a course in optical mineralogy. Chapter 2 briefly introduces this subject.
