Mining method selection is the most fundamental activity of a mining study, because everything else depends on it. It is a process whereby the mining method attributes are matched to the orebody characteristics. This crucial decision must invariably be made at a stage of the study when the least information is available.

Magmatic-related porphyry copper and high-sulphidation epithermal copper-gold ore deposits are spatially and temporally clustered in arc segments that underwent crustal shortening during magmatic differentiation. In the ductile lower crust or uppermost mantle, geodynamically induced horizontal compression inhibits propagation of subvertical dykes and can keep buoyant magmas trapped in sheet-like, subhorizontal chambers. Layered ultramafic-mafic cumulates crystallise within these chambers until the regional stress regime relaxes or until further magmatic differentiation generates the buoyancy needed to overpower the stress field and permit magma ascent. In the hot lower crust or uppermost mantle, magma chambers tend to last long enough to experience multiple episodes of replenishment by primitive magma, partial mixing of arriving mafic and resident evolved melts, and fractional crystallisation of those hybrids. Over a succession of replenishment and partial-crystallisation cycles, the melt's concentration of incompatible chemical components (H20, CI, S03, etc.) follows a "sawtooth ramp-up" time series. Multi-cycle magma chambers thereby become exceptionally fertile for magmatic-hydrothermal Cu metallogeny.

Processes of flow and displacement of multiphase fluids though porous media occur in many subsurface systems and have found wide application in many scientific, technical, and engineering fields, such as petroleum engineering, groundwater and vadose zone hydrology, soil sciences, geothermal energy development, subsurface contamination investigation and remediation, and subsurface resource storage or waste disposal. Because of the needs in these areas, tremendous research and development efforts have been devoted to investigating the physics of multiphase flow and transport in porous and fractured media in the past century. As a result of multidisciplinary research efforts, significant progress and scientific advances have been made in the understanding of the dynamics of porous-medium flow of multiple immiscible fluids.<...>

A National Standard of Canada is a standard developed by an SCC-accredited Standards Development Organization (SDO), and approved by the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), in accordance with SCC’s: Requirements and Guidance-Accreditation for Standards Development Organizations, and Requirements and Guidance-Approval of National Standards of Canada Designation.