The landforms of Austria are the direct consequence of a continuous interplay between tectonic and climatic forces that have built, destroyed and reshaped the surface of the most iconic mountain belt on Earth for almost 40 Million years. As such, landforms can only be understood with a thorough geological background. This paper gives an overview of the tectonic evolution, the geological build up and the landscape evolution in the Austrian territory. The tectonic evolution of the rocks forming the major tectonic units of Austria can be traced back to some 500 Million years when they were located at different ancient continents including Gondwana, Avalonia and Laurasia. In the late Palaeozoic, the basement rocks were affected by the Variscan tectonometamorphic event during amalgamation of the supercontinent Pangaea and by a Permian extensional event.

It is customary to analyze the behavior of foundations under the implicit assumption that the ground will suffer deformations and settle as a result of the increasing load transmitted by a construction in progress. Usually an estimation has to be made of the final movements to be expected in the construction (whether a building or a public work) in the short or in the long term.

Монография посвящена анализу современного состояния ландшафтов Горного Дагестана, их пространственной дифференциации, классификации, оценке степени селитебной нагрузки и существующей сети особо охраняемых природных территорий.
Рассчитана на географов, экологов, климатологов, метеорологов и других специалистов, интересующихся современными проблемами ландшафтоведения, а также может быть использована в учебном процессе по дисциплинам эколого-географической подготовки специалистов.

The landscapes and landforms of Scotland are renowned for their outstanding geodiversity, the outcome of a long and complex geological evolution, Cenozoic uplift and etchplanation, and modification by glacial and interglacial processes during the Quaternary.

1 Introduction to the Landscapes and Landforms of Italy Mauro Soldati and Mauro Marchetti
Part I Physical Environment
2 The Great Diversity of Italian Landscapes and Landforms: Their Origin and Human Imprint Mauro Marchetti, Mauro Soldati, and Vittoria Vandelli
3 Outline of the Geology of Italy Alfonso Bosellini
4 The Climate of Italy Simona Fratianni and Fiorella Acquaotta
5 Morphological Regions of Italy Paola Fredi and Elvidio Lupia Palmieri
Part II Landscapes and Landforms

Щедра и разнообразна природа Черноземного края. Здесь исключительно мозаично сочетаются ландшафты, созданные человеком, и девственные ландшафты, сохранившиеся в заповедниках и заказниках.

In the geological sciences, the term "tectonics" refers to the processes, structures and landforms associated with deformation of the Earth's crust. In a broader sense, it refers to the evolution of these structures and landforms over time. On a global scale, we are concerned with the origin of continents and ocean basins, he which are the largest landforms produced by tectonics on Earth At the regional scale, we are-interested in structures that produce mountain chains. <...>

Landforms and landscapes vary enormously across the Earth, from high mountains to endless plains. At a smaller scale, Nature often surprises us by creating shapes which look improbable. Many physical landscapes are so immensely beautiful that they have received the highest possible recognition—they hold the status of World Heritage properties. Apart from often being immensely scenic, landscapes tell stories which not uncommonly can be traced back in time for tens of million years and include unique events.

Горные ледники служат своеобразными индикаторами климатических изменений. Значительное сокращение их размеров во второй половине ХХ-начале XXI столетия свидетельствует об изменении климатических условий в мире (Яншин, 2001, Kyoto Protokol..., 1998). Эта тенденция вероятнее всего сохранится и в недалеком будущем. На конференции ООН по окружающей среде и развитию в Рио-де Жанейро в 1992 г. горные регионы отнесены к хрупким экосистемам, а их изучение признано одной из приоритетных тем Повестки дня на XXI век.

The Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica (IRPI), of the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), designs and executes research, technical and development activities in the vast and variegated field of natural hazards, vulnerability assessment and georisk mitigation. We study all geo-hydrological hazards, including floods, landslides, erosion processes, subsidence, droughts, and hazards in coastal and mountain areas. We investigate the availability and quality of water, the exploitation of geo-resources, and the disposal of wastes. We research the expected impact of climatic and environmental changes on geo-hazards and georesources, and we contribute to the design of sustainable adaptation strategies. Our outreach activities contribute to educate and inform on geo-hazards and their consequences in Italy. <...>