Land forms and drainage patterns are being studied by more and more elaborate methods all the time. The increasingly accurate methods of measuring land form and geomorphological processes are providing a vast amount of quantitative data. This has to be analysed by numerical methods so that an orderly behaviour may be discerned from amongst the mass of accumulated data. This book sets out to provide an introduction to those numerical methods which we have found to be most useful in the analysis of geomorphological data.

Modern geochemistry utilizes three powerful tools: (major and trace) elements, isotopes, and equations, to study various Earth and environmental processes. A combination of the experimental tools (elements and isotopes) with theoretical tools (equations) provides penetrating insights into the Earth and environmental processes. The aim of this book is to link equations more closely with geochemical measurements, including elemental abundances and (radiogenic, radioactive and stable) isotopic compositions. The importance to use equations in scientific research has been best stated by Albert Einstein, "Equations are more important to me, because politics is for the present, but an equation is something for eternity." <...>

Актуальность темы диссертации. Диссертационная работа посвящена разработке и обоснованию численного метода и алгоритма решения обратных коэффициентных задач уравнения геоэлектрики. Такие задачи относятся к некорректным задачам математической физики, теория которых основана В.К. Ивановым, М.М. Лаврентьевым, А.Н. Тихоновым. Определение коэффициентов обратных задач уравнения геоэлектрики имеет широкое распространение при интерпретации геофизических данных, где часто требуется определить свойства среды или расположенных на некоторой глубине включений с помощью дополнительной информации, которую можно получить путем измерения на поверхности волн, отраженных от неоднородностей среды.

Much of what we refer to as geology, or more accurately geological activity on Earth, is due to the simple act of our planet cooling to space. What allows this activity to persist over the lifetime of the solar system is that the major and most massive portion of the planet, namely the mantle, is so large, moves so slowly, and cools so gradually that it sets the pace of cooling for the whole Earth.