Radioactive dating methods involve radioactive isotopes of various elements and, of the 1400 to 1500 nuclides known presently, more than four-fifths are radioactive although most of them do not occur naturally because of their very rapid rates of radioactive decay. To obtain the ages of rocks and minerals, naturally occurring radioisotopes are used which continued to exist long after the Big Bang because of their extremely slow decay rates. This is the case with 238U, 235U, 232Th, 87Rb and 40K. However, some arise from the decay of long lived, naturally occurring radioactive parents, among them 234U, 230Th and 226Ra. And a few may be created by natural nuclear reactions, for instance 14C (radiocarbon),