This report is based on published tonnage and grade data on 58 Nb– and rare-earthelement (REE)–bearing carbonatite deposits that are mostly well explored and are partially mined or contain resources of these elements. The deposits represent only a part of the known 527 carbonatites around the world (Woolley and Kjarsgaard, 2008), but they are characterized by reliable quantitative data on ore tonnages and grades of niobium and REE.

Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов геологической специальности, изучающих спецкурс «Месторождения редких и рассеянных металлов». Редкие и рассеянные элементы – это не только мало распространенные в земной коре, но, прежде всего, новые для промышленности металлы, использование которых насчитывает не более полувека. Различие между редкими и рассеянными элементами состоит в том, что редкие элементы (Li, Be, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ta, Th, U и др.) имеют свои собственные рудные минералы-концентраторы (например, циркон, колумбит, танталлит), которые являются предметом добычи. Рассеянные элементы (Sc, Ga, Ge, Se, Rb, Cd, Te, Hf, Re, Tl и др.) не имеют собственных рудных минералов, а обычно входят в кристаллические решетки рудных минералов в виде элементов-примесей.  <...>

Обогащенные PGE–(REE–Ti) элементами включения микрометрового размера, минеральные ассоциации, вариации состава и потенциальный источник минералов платиновой группы в россыпной зоне Сисим, Восточные Саяны, Россия.

We report the results of a mineralogical investigation of placer samples from the upper reaches of the Sisim watershed, near Krasnoyarsk, in Eastern Sayans, Russia. The placer grains are predominantly Os–Ir–(Ru) alloys (80%) that host various inclusions (i.e., platinum-group elements (PGE)-rich monosulfide, PGE-rich pentlandite, Ni–Fe–(As)-rich laurite, etc.) and subordinate amounts of Pt–Fe alloys.

Extractive metallurgy is that branch of metallurgy that deals with ores as raw material and metals as finished products. It is an ancient art that has been transformed into a modem science as a result of developments in chemistry and chemical engineering. The present volume is a collective work of a number of authors in which metals, their history', properties, extraction technology, and most important inorganic compounds and toxicology are systematically described.

Rare Earth Oxides are used in mature markets (such as catalysts, glassmaking and metallurgy), which account for 59% of the total worldwide consumption of rare earth elements, and in newer, high-growth markets (such as battery alloys, ceramics, and permanent magnets), which account for 41% of the total worldwide consumption of rare earth elements.

For the last twenty years conferences concerning rare earth materials have been held in the U.S.A. every 18 to 24 months. In general these conferences have dealt with the science of these materials, and only one or two sessions (~10% of the papers) were concerned with industrial and commercial aspects.

Rare earth elements are used in mature markets (such as catalysts, glassmaking, lighting, and metallurgy), which account for 59 percent of the total worldwide consumption of rare earth elements, and in newer, high-growth markets (such as battery alloys, ceramics, and permanent magnets), which account for 41 percent of the total worldwide consumption of rare earth elements.

The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs) outside the United States raises the important issue of supply vulnerability. REEs are used for new energy technologies and national security applications. Is the United States vulnerable to supply disruptions of REEs? Are these elements essential to U.S. national security and economic well-being?
There are 17 rare earth elements (REEs), 15 within the chemical group called lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium. The lanthanides consist of the following: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Rare earths are moderately abundant in the earth’s crust, some even more abundant than copper, lead, gold, and platinum.

The term rare earths denotes the group of 17 chemically similar metallic elements that includes scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides (Spedding 1978; Connelly et al. 2005). The lanthanides are the series of elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71, all of which, except promethium, occur in nature. The rare-earth elements, being chemically similar to one another, invariably occur together in minerals and behave as a single chemical entity. Thus, the discovery of the rare earths themselves occurred over a period of nearly 160 years, from 1787 to 1941 (Szabadvary 1988; Weeks 1956).

Geology, Geochemistry, and Natural Abundances of the Rare Earth Elements

Sustainability of Rare Earth Resources

The Electronic Structure of the Lanthanides

Variable Valency

Group Trends

Solvento Complexes of the Lanthanide Ions

Lanthanides in Living Systems

Lanthanides: Coordination Chemistry

Organometallic Chemistry Fundamental Properties

Lanthanides: ‘‘Comparison to 3d Metals’’

Luminescence

Lanthanides: Luminescence Applications

Magnetism

The Divalent State in Solid Rare Earth Metal Halides

Lanthanide Halides

Lanthanide Oxide/Hydroxide Complexes

Lanthanide Alkoxides

Rare Earth Siloxides

Thiolates, Selenolates, and Tellurolates

Carboxylate

Lanthanide Complexes with Amino Acids

β-Diketonate

Rare Earth Borides, Carbides and Nitrides

Lanthanide Complexes with Multidentate Ligands

Alkyl

Aryls

Trivalent Chemistry: Cyclopentadienyl

Tetravalent Chemistry: Inorganic

Tetravalent Chemistry: Organometallic

Molecular Magnetic Materials

Near-Infrared Materials

Superconducting Materials

Metal–Organic Frameworks

Upconversion Nanoparticles for Bioimaging Applications

Oxide and Sulfide Nanomaterials

Rare Earth Metal Cluster Complexes

Organic Synthesis

Homogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Supramolecular Chemistry: from Sensors and Imaging Agents to Functional Mononuclear and Polynuclear Self-Assembly Lanthanide Complexes

Endohedral Fullerenes

Lanthanide Shift Reagents

Lanthanides: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Luminescent Bioprobes

Sensors for Lanthanides and Actinides