The granitoid-greenstone belts of the Arabian–Nubian Shield are well-endowed with lode gold and massive sulfide ores. Although generally characterized by excellent outcrops and arid desert realm, poor accessibility and lack of finance have been always retardant to detailed geologic mapping of vast areas of the shield. Lack of comprehensive geological information and maps at appropriate scales would definitely hinder serious exploration programs.

Две трети части земной поверхности покрыты водой, и более половины человечества сосредоточено в полосе шириной 50 миль вдоль побережья. Человечество тесно связано с обширными акваториями, а здоровье и качество жизнедеятельности в наших океанах напрямую оказывают влияние на здоровье нашей жизни.

The photographs in this book cover all the main topics of geomorphology: rivers, glaciation, coasts, deserts, chalk and limestone, coral and volcanoes. However, all the pictures on one topic are not grouped together but are arranged so that pictures of landforms which look similar but have different origins are side by side, or at least close together. This demonstrates one purpose of this book, the recognition of landforms by familiarity with clear photographs of them.

Environmental remote sensing is the measurement, from a distance, of the spectral features of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. These measurements are normally made by instruments carried by satellites or aircraft, and are used to infer the nature and characteristics of the land or sea surface, or of the atmosphere, at the time of observation.

Landsat Thematic Mapper [TM) data have been used to detect the presence of altered rocks associated with ore mineral deposition. In arid environments, the spectral signatures of diagnostic minerals are often not masked by water, vegetation, or suxficial materials. There are many studies in which TM data have been used to locate hydrothermally altered rocks in near desert regions, but few successful examples can be found that relate to glaciated, vegetated terrain at high latitudes. In this paper, TM data, in concert with lithogeochemical data and field observations, are used to detect and map altered rocks in the Sulphurets-Brucejack Lake district of northwestern British Columbia.

T he 4th edition of Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective provides up-to-date information on analytical methods used to analyze digital remote sensing data. T he book is ideal for introductory through graduate level university instruction in departments that routinely analyze airborne and/or satellite remote sensor data to solve geospatial problems, including: geography, geology, marine science, forestry, anthropology, biology, soil science, agronomy, urban planning, and others.

This book focuses on remote sensing systems, algorithms, and their applications for evaluation of natural resources, especially in the areas of sampling design, land use and land cover (LULC) characterization and classification, natural landscape and ecosystem assessment, forestry and agriculture mapping, biomass and carbon cycle modeling, wetland classification and dynamics monitoring, and soils and minerals mapping.

It is often useful to estimate obscured or missing remotely sensed data. Traditional interpolation methods, such as nearest-neighbor or bilinear resampling, do not take full advantage of the spatial information in the image. An alternative method, a geostatistical technique known as indicator krigingo is described and demonstrated using a Landsat Thematic Mapper image in southern Chiapas, Mexico. The image was first classified into  pasture and nonpasture land cover. For each pixel that was obscured by cloud or cloud shadow, the probability that it was pasture was assigned by the algorithm. An exponential omnidirectional variogram model was used to characterize the spatial continuity of the image for use in the kriging algorithm. Assuming a cutoff probability level of 50%, the error was shown to be 17% with no obvious spatial bias but with some tendency to categorize nonpasture as pasture (overestimation). While this is a promising result, the method's practical application in other missing data problems for remotely sensed images will depend on the amount and spatial pattern of the unobscured pixels and missing pixels and the success of the spatial continuity model used. <...>

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