This chapter describes the difficulties associated with formation evaluation in thinly bedded sandstone reservoirs and outlines the existing technology that has been applied to these difficulties. Chapter 2 introduces our integrated approach to evaluating hydrocarbon pore-thickness in thinly bedded clastic reservoirs.

Many terms are introduced in these two chapters through examples and informal definitions: for example, earth models, bed types, logging tool forward models, convolution, inversion, statistical earth models, and Monte Carlo inversion. These topics are discussed more thoroughly in Chapters 6 through 10, and the integrated approach is described in detail in Chapters 11 through 13. <...>

This book has been written for those studying petroleum geology or engineering, for whom the role of the petrophysicist can become a lucrative and satisfying career. The handbook will be equally useful to students and practioners of environmental science and hydrogeology, where the understanding of groundwater flow is an important part of their technical remit.

Petrophysics is the study of rock properties and their interactions with fluids (gases, liquid hydrocarbons, and aqueous solutions). The geologic material forming a reservoir for the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the subsurface must contain a three-dimensional network of interconnected pores in order to store the fluids and allow for their movement within the reservoir.

Mathematical astrophysics and mathematical geophysics have their own journals and conferences, where practitioners discuss mathematical formulations that come to grips with the physical processes of the cosmos and planet Earth. Mathematical petrophysics is by no means new. It started in 1942 with the publication of an equation: the Archie equation.

The solution to this problem depends on your background in geology, chemistry, physics, and your familiarity with various laboratory instruments. Here are some possibilities Cut a fresh piece of each sample. Drop cold HCL on the freshly cut surface and observe. The limestone (Core A) will react vigorously with the cold HCL, releasing CO2 in the process. The sandstone (Core B) and dolomite (Core C) will not react with the cold acid. This simple test identifies the limestone conclusively.

Next, heat the HCL almost to its boiling point and repeat the test with the hot HCL on the two remaining samples (Cores B and C). The dolomite will react with the hot acid but the sandstone will not. This test distinguishes the dolomite from the sandstone. <...>

The SP is a passive measurement of very small electrical voltages resulting from electrical currents in the borehole caused by the differences in the salinities (resistivities) of the formation connate water (Rw) and the drilling mud filtrate (Rmf), and by the presence of ion selective shale beds. The voltage changes are measured by a downhole electrode relative to a surface ground. Unlike other logging tools which are displayed on a specific scale with a specified reference value, the SP has no specified origin and values used for computation are referenced to deflection from the nearby shale baseline established by the interpreter. <...>

Объектом исследования является прискважинная зона пласта нефтяного коллектора юрского возраста (ЮС2), представленного мелко- и среднезернистым песчаником с невысокими фильтрационно-ёмкостными свойствами (пористость до 11-18%, проницаемость до 1-20 мД) и высокой нефтенасыщенностью (70-98%), включающая в себя внешнюю и внутреннюю (зона кольматации) глинистую корку и зону проникновения (включающей в себя промытую зону с наиболее высокой концентрацией проникшего в пласт фильтрата бурового раствора и окаймляющую зону, связанную с различной вязкостью пластовой воды и нефти).

High-pressure mineral physics is a field that is strongly driven by the development of new technology. Fifty years ago, when experimentally achievable pressures were limited to just 25 GPa, little was known about the mineralogy of the Earth’s lower mantle. Silicate perovskite, the likely dominant mineral of the deep Earth, was identified only when the high-pressure techniques broke the pressure barrier of 25 GPa in the 1970s. However, as the maximum achievable pressure reached beyond 1 Megabar (100 GPa) and even to the pressure of Earth’s core on minute samples, new discoveries were increasingly fostered by the development of new analytical techniques and improvements in sensitivity and precision of existing techniques.

The purpose of this Handbook is to provide, in highly accessible form, selected critical data for professional and student solid Earth and planetary geophysicists. Coverage of topics and authors were carefully chosen to fulfill these objectives. These volumes represent the third version of the “Handbook of Physical Constants.” Several generations of solid Earth scientists have found these handbooks’to be the most frequently used item in their personal library. The first version of this Handbook was edited by F. Birch, J. F. Schairer, and H. Cecil Spicer and published in 1942 by the Geological Society of America (GSA) as Special Paper 36.

The purpose of this Handbook is to provide, in highly accessible form, selected critical data for professional and student solid Earth and planetary geophysicists. Coverage of topics and authors were carefully chosen to fulfill these objectives.