Applications of seismology to the study of the Earth’s interior are only a little over 100 years old. Its tools in determining the properties of inaccessible Earth are the most powerful among all geophysical methods. The principal reasons are the availability of natural (earthquakes) or controlled (explosions and vibrators) sources of elastic waves and their relatively low attenuation with distance.

Интересы экономики все больше требуют от человечества овладения* богатствами морей и океанов. Автор член-корреспондент АН Латв. ССР рассказывает о том, как планируется изучение и освоение дна океанов и морей, какие перспективы открываем перед человечеством это направление геологии.

Froth flotation is an outstanding example of applied interfacial and colloidal science. It has roots in the nineteenth century discoveries concerning the separation and concentration of valuable minerals from ores, and is considered as one of the most important achievements of the twentieth century, which has significantly contributed to the vast expansion of the raw material industry. Efforts to understand the mechanisms governing flotation led to the research into the wetting and dewetting statics and dynamics, and the intervening free and wetting liquid films as early as the 1930s. Surface forces operating across the films were also appreciated at that time. These efforts have provided stimuli for advances in the theory of interparticle forces with the development of several sophisticated experimental techniques <...>

Настоящие „Материалы" публикуются в связи с созываемой Всесоюзной топливной конференцией, на которой будет заслушан в числе других такЖе доклад Азнефти — „О перспективах развития Азербайджанской нефтяной промышленности во втором пятилетии (1933-1937)"
Эти материалы ни в коем случае нелЬзя рассматривать как окончательно оформленный проект промтехфинплана по Азербайджанской нефтяной промышленности на второе пятилетие; они являются лишь материалами по составлению такового плана. Промтехфинплан по Азнефти на второе пятилетие будет закончен в конце июня и тогда будет опубликован ж своей окончательной форме. <...>

O avanço do conhecimento, a velocidade e o volume de informações que circulam nos dias de hoje nos  fazem crer que são poucas as chances de que teses científicas e revolucionárias como a da Deriva Continental,  proposta por Alfred Wegener em 1912, demorem tanto tempo para ser admitidas. Mas é certo que a saga para compreender o universo e o papel da vida continuará a impulsionar nossas iniciativas e criatividade.

Crinoids are widespread in the Upper Carboniferous deposits of the central European Russia, being an important element of the benthic communities; nevertheless, they are extremely poorly understood. Better studied are the Middle-Late Carboniferous crinoids of this region. Nevertheless, their sampled remains are only partially described; the number of species and genera to be described is approximately the same as the number of previously described taxa; and the discovery of many new forms is not inconceivable. Such poor knowledge of these fossils is attributable to the very limited number of specialists, insufficient state of collections, and poor study of sampled remains. In the former USSR, the last four decades were marked by an enhanced interest to columns of extinct crinoids because they are most widespread amid crinoid remains. Nevertheless, they are almost completely ignored in the last years. Moreover, the researchers who studied columns of Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and, partly, Early Carboniferous crinoids did not pay attention to the Carboniferous deposits of the Russian Platform. <...>

Освещены вопросы создания и использования географических карт. Книга знакомит читателя с историей картографии, с содержанием общегеографических, тематических и топографических карт. В популярной форме изложены задачи, решаемые по карте. Рассмотрены вопросы ориентирования на местности с использованием карт.
Для школьников, интересующихся различными видами карт, их содержанием, возможностью путешествовать с помощью карт.

The science of classification is called “taxonomy”; it deals with the theoretical aspects of classification, including its basis, principles, procedures, and rules. Knowledge tested in projects is called the “practical knowledge.” Surprisingly the rating and ranking systems have become popular in every part of life in the twenty-first century.

Rock mass classifications form the backbone of the empirical design approach and are widely employed in rock engineering. Engineering rock mass classifications have recently been quite popular and are used in feasibility designs. When used correctly, a rock mass classification can be a powerful tool in these designs. On many projects the classification approach is the only practical basis for the design of complex underground structures. The Gjovik Underground Ice Hockey Stadium in Norway was designed by the classification approach.

Dynamic processes in the Earth’s interior and on its surface can be described by geodynamic models. These models can be presented by a mathematical problem comprising a set of partial differential equations with relevant conditions at the model boundary and at the initial time. The mathematical problem can be then solved numerically to obtain future states of the model. Meanwhile the initial conditions in the geological past or some boundary conditions at the present are unknown, and the question of how to “find” the conditions with a sufficient accuracy attracts attention in the field of geodynamics. One of the mathematical approaches is data assimilation or the use of available data to reconstruct the initial state in the past or boundary conditions and then to model numerically the dynamics of the Earth starting from the reconstructed conditions. <...>