Geological structures are three dimensional, yet are typically represented by, and interpreted from, outcrop maps and structure contour maps, both of which are curved two-dimensional surfaces. Maps plus serial sections, called 2½-D, provide a closer approach to three dimensionality. Computer technology now makes it possible for geological interpretations to be developed from the beginning in a fully three dimensional environment. Fully 3-D geological models allow significantly better interpretations and interpretations that are much easier to share with other geologists and with the general public. This book provides an overview of techniques for constructing structural interpretations in 2-D, 2½-D and 3-D environments; for interpolating between and extrapolating beyond the control points; and for validating the final interpretation. The underlying philosophy is that structures are three-dimensional solid bodies and that data from throughout the structure, whether in 2-D or 3-D format, should be integrated into an internally consistent 3-D interpretation.

Of the many techniques that have been applied to the study of crystal defects, probably no single technique has contributed more to our understanding of their nature, properties, and influence on the physical and chemical properties of crystalline materials than transmission electron microscopy (ТЕМ). Although the importance of crystal defects and the use of ТЕМ for their direct observation were recognized by physical metallurgists in the early 1950s, it was at least a decade later that earth scientists responded to many of the new ideas of the defect solid state and to the power of ТЕМ. However, ТЕМ is now used extensively for the direct observation of defect microstructures in minerals and rocks, and there appears to be an increasing number of earth scientists who want to use the technique or to become more familiar with the interpretation of ТЕМ observations. This book is written for such people. However, it makes no attempt to be a practical manual of ТЕМ or a definitive text, but rather an introduction to the basic principles of the technique and of the interpretation of electron micrographs and electron diffraction patterns. As such, I hope the book will also be useful to students of materials science.

The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy provides a compendium of more than 9000 terms that are central to a broad range of geological sciences and related fields. The coverage in this Second Edition is focused on the areas of geochemistry, geology, geophysics, mineralogy, paleobotany, paleontology, and petrology, with new terms added and others revised as necessary.

Geology deals with the solid earth and the processes that formed and modified it as it evolved Related disciplines include the study of the physics of the earth (geophysics); earth chemistry, composition, and chemical changes (geochemistry); the composition, properties, and structure of minerals (mineralogy); the description, classification, origin, and evolution of rocks (petrology); and the study of ancient life (paleontology).

The contributions of this book arose from a conference on "Mineralogy and analytics of highpurity Si02 raw materials" held in June 2011 in Freiberg, Germany. The 15 chapters are written by international experts and reflect the state of the art in the field of quartz and silica raw materials. The book covers the broad field of Si02 minerals and rocks and shows the progress made during the last decades in the evaluation of deposits and the application of advanced characterization methods to study the genesis and properties of these materials.

In the broad sense the subject of this book belongs to the properties and specifics of both natural and synthetic materials of the Si02 system. The chapters are dealing mainly with the mineral quartz, which is one of the most frequent minerals of the Earth's crust and also an important raw material in the industry. Therefore, the book is addressed to graduate students and scientists in mineralogy, geology, chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, as well as to people from the industry, who are working with the processing and technical application of quartz and Si02 material.

In the ten years that have passed since the publication of the first edition of this textbook exciting advances have taken place in every discipline of geophysics. Computer-based improvements in technology have led the way, allowing more sophistication in the acquisition and processing of geophysical data. Advances in mass spectrometry have made it possible to analyze minute samples of matter in exquisite detail and have contributed to an improved understanding of the origin of our planet and the evolution of the solar system. Space research has led to better

As soon as the second edition of Principles of Soil Chemistry appeared, it was sought after by many scholars, students, professionals, and scientists interested in the chemistry of soils. It was chosen as the textbook at the University of Georgia for teaching the senior-level undergraduate and graduate course in soil chemistry. It has been used as a textbook in soil chemistry at the University of California, Davis, and other universities in the United States. Because of its simple language and style, which avoid making problems more complex than needed without sacrificing scientific standards, the book is particularly appealing as a textbook in many universities overseas. The first edition of Principles of Soil Chemistry was translated in Indonesian and published by the University of Gadjah Mada Press, Yogyakarta, under the title Dasar-Dasar Kimia Tanah, which soon sold out and is out of press. I was invited to teach Soil Chemistry and Soil Genesis courses for a semester in 1996 at the University of Andalas, Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia, and in 1995 at the Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia Blanca, Argentina, where my first and then the second edition were adopted as the main textbook for these courses.

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying.

This new book by Marc Pansu and Jacques Gautheyrou provides a synopsis of the analytical procedures for the physicochemical analysis of soils. It is written to conform to analytical standards and quality control. It focuses on mineralogical, organic and inorganic analyses, but also describes physical methods when these are a precondition for analysis. It will help a range of different users to choose the most appropriate method for the type of material and the particular problems they have to face. The compiled work is the product of the experience gained by the authors in the laboratories of the Institute of Research for Development (IRD) in France and in tropical countries, and includes an extensive review of the literature. The reference section at the end of each chapter lists source data from pioneer studies right up to current works, such as, proposals for structural models of humic molecules, and itself represents a valuable source of information.

IRD soil scientists collected data on Mediterranean and tropical soils in the field from West and North Africa, Madagascar, Latin America, and South East Asia. Soil materials from these regions are often different from those found in temperate zones. As their analysis brought new problems to light, it was essential to develop powerful and specific physicochemical methods. Physicists, chemists and biologists joined forces with IRD soil scientists to contribute knowledge from their own disciplines thereby widening its scope considerably. This work is the fruit of these experiments as applied to complex systems, involving soils and the environment.

I thank Linda Candelaria, Gavin Gillman, Robert Harter, Mark Noll, Stom Ohno, and Scott Young for their suggestions and encouragement to write a third edition of Soil Chemistry. I am especially grateful to Linda Candelaria for her excellent suggestions on additions and revisions.

This edition tries to emphasize that the soil and soil solution are the center and heart of the environment. The chemical composition of the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere depends greatly on the chemistry of the soil.

Since the second edition appeared, much of the interest in soil chemistry has been on the fate of so-called toxic chemicals and elements in soils. This edition points out that (1) all of the chemical elements—toxic and beneficial—were always in the soil, (2) the soil is the safest part of the environment in which to deposit our wastes, (3) there are wise and unwise ways to utilize soil for waste disposal, (4) soil chemistry degrades wastes and converts them into benign or useful substances, (5) environmental activists and the popular media usually ignore the dose-response concept that is central to toxicology and to soil fertility, and (6) how much is in the soil, how fast it is changing, and how easily it transfers to plants and water are more important than what is there. Soil chemistry can answer those important questions. A goal for the future is to answer them better.

The use of aluminium for aluminum, occasionally of natrium and kalium for sodium and potassium, and often of essential elements for essential nutrients is not affectation. The intent is to bring more international usage and correctness into the book. Soil chemistry is a global issue.

Brian McNeal and George O'Connor were unable to work on this edition of our book. 1 retained much of their excellent contributions to the previous editions. Any errors or omissions are my responsibility. I would be grateful if readers would call them to my attention.

This atlas is intended primarily for anybody who is interested in basic geology of Africa. Its originality lies in the fact that the regional geology of each African nation or territory is reviewed country-wise by maps and text, a view normally not presented in textbooks of regional geology. It is my belief, that there has long been a need in universities and geological surveys, both in Africa and in the developed world, for summarizing geological maps and an accompanying basic text utilising the enormous fund of knowledge that has been accumulated since the beginning of geological research in Africa in the mid–19th century. I hope that, in part, the present atlas may satisfy this need.