Applied well cementing engineering / Прикладная инженерия цементирования скважин

Cementing is arguably the single most critical step in the construction of a well. When drilling a well, formations that originally provided seals between permeable zones are penetrated, opening the possibility for formation fluids with different pore pressures to migrate from one permeable zone to another or even back to surface. A combination of casing and cement are used to form hydraulic barriers that restore these seals, isolate permeable zones, and prevent the occurrence of fluid migration.The cement must maintain its barrier status throughout the life of the well from drilling through production and on into permanent abandonment. Failure of cement to provide a proper hydraulic seal can result in lost production, fluid cross-flows, contamination of aquifers, sustained casing pressure or loss of well control.
Wells have been cemented since the turn of the 20th century. Although the basic method of placing cement in a well has remained relatively unchanged since the pump and plug method was first introduced by A.A. Perkins in 1910, cementing technology has evolved significantly over the years and continues to do so today. These advances have been driven by the need to meet the ever increasing challenges and requirements presented by cementing HTHP, deepwater and horizontal extended reach wells. <...>