This book focuses on the first vertebrates to conquer the land, and on their long journey to become fully independent from the water. It will trace the origin of tetrapod features and try to explain how and why they transformed into organs that permit life on land. The classic idea of early land vertebrates is that they were similar to modern amphibians. Right or wrong, the vast majority of early tetrapods are therefore classified as amphibians (or more precisely their stem taxa). Accordingly, this book is centered on early amphibian evolution, a topic that effectively includes all early tetrapods, and it will also analyze facts and opinions on the origins of modern amphibians. The major part of the story covers events that occurred over the past 370 million years, but it is far from restricted to paleontology.

My own motivation to study the amphibian fossil record derives in large part from a fascination with the development, ecology, and evolution of their modern representatives. Therefore I consider many topics that can only be covered by examination of extant animals: features of the soft body, functions of organs that mediate breathing, feeding, hearing, and locomotion, the morphogenesis of body parts, larval development, metamorphosis, and ecology.

This manual documents the methods for generating stope-shapes using Version 5 of the Stope Shape Optimiser developed by Alford Mining Systems.

The Stope Shape Optimiser engine (also referred to as "SSO" in this manual) is available in commercial products that are marketed and supported by the mining software suppliers - Datamine, Maptek and Deswik have an established client base and several new suppliers have been added with the release of Version 3 (Hexagon, Geovia, RPM Global). The look and feel of the Stope Shape Optimiser product on each vendor platform will conform to the interface standards and functionality available in each environment. Additional capabilities may have been added by the vendor to fully integrate the Stope Shape Optimiser with the proprietary platform.

Carlin-type deposits are major sources of gold, yet their origins are enigmatic. Suggested genetic models make connections to magmatism, regional metamorphism, or regional extension. Depositional mechanisms are uncertain as well. We propose on the basis of geologic, physical, and chemical reasoning, a genetic model in which meteoric fluids were circulated by heat released during crustal extension. These fluids interacted at depth with the sedimentary rock pile and scavenged gold. Upon upwelling, these fluids interacted with various lithologies and/or other fluids and produced the characteristic alteration and metal suites of these deposits. To test the viability of this amagmatic model, we have investigated certain physical and chemical constraints implicit to the model.

Why an atlas of the Carboniferous in northern England? There can hardly be a more researched system in the whole of the British Isles, given its widespread distribution at outcrop and annual appearance in numerous PhD theses (including our own). But perhaps all we really know about the Carboniferous is no more than skimming the surface. In this atlas, using modern multifold seismic and borehole data collected by the oil industry in its search for petroleum accumulations, we can start to look beyond the surface exposures and gain some new insights into the structure and stratigraphy of the subsurface (and surface) Carboniferous. The main elements of this atlas are: (i) a series of regional seismic lines crossing all the basinal areas in northern England illustrating the Carboniferous in section, and (ii) a set of palaeofacies maps describing the evolution of the system in map view.