Structural Geology is the study of deformed rocks. To do so, we define the geometries of rock bodies in three dimensions. Then, we measure or infer the translations, rotations, and strains experienced by rocks both during, and particularly since, their formation based on indicators of what they looked like prior to their deformation. Finally, we try to infer the stresses that produced the deformation based on our knowledge of material properties. Structure is closely related to various fields of engineering mechanics, structural engineering, and material science. <...>

Geomorphology, the study of landforms and their formative processes, is a multidisciplinary field most strongly associated with the geographical and geological sciences. It encompasses numerous subfields of specialization that are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Like all disciplines, what geomorphology is like today derives in part from the practitioners, ideas, controversies, and events involved in its development. This paper presents a brief perspective and overview of the history of geomorphology as an introduction to the subsequent chapters in the volume, each of which focuses on a specific period of the discipline's history or on concepts that have figured prominently in its past development or current status. A brief summary of the following 18 papers in this volume provides insight into the range of ideas and methods that are engaged in the theory and practice of geomorphology. The volume as a whole provides historical and thematic context for the subsequent volumes in the Treatise on Geomorphology.

Tunnels are unlike any other civil engineering structures. In buildings or bridges, the building materials have defined properties and they can be tested to ensure they meet these, whereas this is not the case in tunnelling. Table 1.1 illustrates some of the issues associated with tunnel design when compared to above ground construction projects. Although a tunnel structure often needs support systems made up of concrete and steel, it is the ground that is the major part of the structure, and this can have both a supporting and a loading role.

T he 4th edition of Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective provides up-to-date information on analytical methods used to analyze digital remote sensing data. T he book is ideal for introductory through graduate level university instruction in departments that routinely analyze airborne and/or satellite remote sensor data to solve geospatial problems, including: geography, geology, marine science, forestry, anthropology, biology, soil science, agronomy, urban planning, and others.