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Progradation of Atchafalaya Delta, one of the most dynamic geological events of the century, has produced a sizable new sand body on the Louisiana coast. Evolution of depositional environments in Atchafalaya Bay has been determined from analysis of sediment cores and bathymetric surveys. Use of X-ray radiography has made possible recognition of a number of subenvironments within major environments. Atchafalaya Delta exhibits all the sedimentary environments recorded in earlier Mississippi delta lobes. However, excellent stratigraphic control and current knowledge of the processes of deposition in Atchafalaya Bay make it possible to better link process-response in this than in other Mississippi subdeltas. In contrast to the modem Mississippi subdelta, the Atchafalaya should prograde more rapidly, form thinner sand bodies, and eventually cover a wider area, much like the Lafourche, St. Bernard, and Teche delta lobes. <...>
Книга составлена из веселых и разных рассказов и баек геологов, эпизодов из полевой и обычной жизни, а также их стихов. Для широкого круга читателей. Редакция авторская
You are beginning a study of geology—the science of Earth. Your goal is to learn how Earth works. Along the way, you will learn about the importance of geology to humans. You will consider the origin of essential resources and the forces that drive geologic processes that are hazardous to our lives and livelihoods. This text is not simply a collection of facts to memorize. It is an invitation to think about how scientists use creativity, diligence, and technology to arrive at the current body of knowledge about Earth <...>
For all man’s achievements over the past centuries, every now and then we’re reminded that ultimately, we’re all at the mercy of nature. In seconds, something that has remained dormant for decades can suddenly awaken, destroying a city and demolishing everything in its path. A calm day can quickly turn to catastrophe as the ground shakes and buildings crumble. In this book, we take a detailed look at two of nature’s most powerful forces; volcanoes and earthquakes. Explaining how and why they occur, you’ll discover how they affect our lives, and how they shape our landscape. Packed with illustrations and incredible images of the damage they can do, you’ll also fi nd case studies from Etna and Vesuvius to Christchurch and Haiti. So read on to learn more about the deadly power of the natural world
Life appeared in the oceans in a past so distant that it is diffi cult to imagine. The exact age of life on Earth is debated because the structures once considered to represent the oldest fossils (remains of ancient organisms, or traces which they left) have been reinterpreted as mineral crystallization in microscopic fractures by some paleontologists (this reinterpretation is itself debated). The fi rst life forms were very simple and resembled extant bacteria, some of which formed stromatolites, the oldest of which are about 3 Ga (billion years) old (Fig. p.1). Stromatolites are still being formed today in some coastal regions. For at least 1.5 Ga, life remained in its native aquatic environment. Thus, for the greatest part of the history of the biosphere, life remained in water, diversifi ed, and radiated into several ecological niches. The oceans and seas teemed with life well before the fi rst animal ventured out of the water. <...>
More than 80% of the Earth's surface is of volcanic origin, testifying that volcanism was a dominant process in the creation and evolution of our planet. From a human standpoint, volcanic eruptions have engendered fear, superstition, fascination, and scientific curiosity. Since the emergence of volcanology as a science in the nineteenth century, the question of "How Volcanoes Work" has been considered by many minds, particularly in the wake of the well-publicized and documented catastrophic 1883 eruption of Krakatau (Indonesia) recently reviewed by $imkin and Fiske [1983]. However, many more decades were to pass before scientists could begin to address seriously this fundamental question: by undertaking the needed systematic, long-term studies of volcanoes, in addition to short-term expeditions in response to specific volcanic events.
For any oilfield analysis, it is necessary to understand how to calculate areas, volumes and capacities. Fortunately, areas and capacities of tubing and casing are in most field handbooks and in the engineering tables of this book. Most readers of this document will remember how to calculate areas and volumes from grade school, so only a brief review is presented here. The engineering tables at the back of this book provide all the necessary data to determine well capacities quite easily. The first few sample problems are solved manually to show how the tables were generated. Thereafter, the tables will be used as much as possible to simplify the problem solving. Understanding how the data was generated will make the calculations more meaningful and the tables easier to use. In any case, a clear understanding of the basic principles is necessary before proceeding as subsequent concepts will build on prior ones. <...>
Hydraulic proppant fracturing is a relatively young technique of hydrocarbon pay stimulation which has been invented only abt. 40 years ago (CLARK 1948, KHRISTIANOVICH & ZHELTOV 1955) and which entered the focus of attention by reservoir and technical engineering particularly during the last ten years since the invention of synthetic intermediate- and high-strength ceramic proppants that can withstand the high closure stresses especially in deep tight gas-bearing sandstone pay formations (COOKE 1976, 1977).
Hydrodynamics is a very rich area of study, involving some of the most intriguing theoretical problems, considering our present level of knowledge. General nonlinear solutions, closed statistical equations, explanation of sudden changes, for example, are wanted in different areas of research, being also matter of study in Hydromechanics. Further, any solution in this field depends on many factors, or many “boundary conditions”. The changing of the boundary conditions is one of the ways through which the human being affects its fluidic environment. Changes in a specific site can impose catastrophic consequences in a whole region. For example, the permanent leakage of petroleum in one point in the ocean may affect the life along the entire region covered by the marine currents that transport this oil. Gases or liquids, the changes in the quality of the fluids in which we live certainly affect our quality of life. The knowledge about fluids, their movements, and their ability to transport physical properties and compounds is thus recognized as important for life. As a consequence, thinking about new solutions for general or specific problems in Hydromechanics may help to attain a sustainable relationship with our environment
