Добрый день, Коллеги. Важное сообщение, просьба принять участие. Музей Ферсмана ищет помощь для реставрационных работ в помещении. Подробности по ссылке
Magmatic-related porphyry copper and high-sulphidation epithermal copper-gold ore deposits are spatially and temporally clustered in arc segments that underwent crustal shortening during magmatic differentiation. In the ductile lower crust or uppermost mantle, geodynamically induced horizontal compression inhibits propagation of subvertical dykes and can keep buoyant magmas trapped in sheet-like, subhorizontal chambers. Layered ultramafic-mafic cumulates crystallise within these chambers until the regional stress regime relaxes or until further magmatic differentiation generates the buoyancy needed to overpower the stress field and permit magma ascent. In the hot lower crust or uppermost mantle, magma chambers tend to last long enough to experience multiple episodes of replenishment by primitive magma, partial mixing of arriving mafic and resident evolved melts, and fractional crystallisation of those hybrids. Over a succession of replenishment and partial-crystallisation cycles, the melt's concentration of incompatible chemical components (H20, CI, S03, etc.) follows a "sawtooth ramp-up" time series. Multi-cycle magma chambers thereby become exceptionally fertile for magmatic-hydrothermal Cu metallogeny.
One of the by-products of the computer revolution has been the emergence of completely new fields of study. Each year, as integrated circuits have become faster, cheaper, and more compact, it has become possible to find feasible solutions to problems of ever-increasing complexity. Because it demands massive amounts of digital storage and comparable quantities of numerical computation, multidimensional digital signal processing is a problem area which has only recently begun to emerge.
Processes of flow and displacement of multiphase fluids though porous media occur in many subsurface systems and have found wide application in many scientific, technical, and engineering fields, such as petroleum engineering, groundwater and vadose zone hydrology, soil sciences, geothermal energy development, subsurface contamination investigation and remediation, and subsurface resource storage or waste disposal. Because of the needs in these areas, tremendous research and development efforts have been devoted to investigating the physics of multiphase flow and transport in porous and fractured media in the past century. As a result of multidisciplinary research efforts, significant progress and scientific advances have been made in the understanding of the dynamics of porous-medium flow of multiple immiscible fluids.<...>
Fossils are the remains or evidence of ancient life that we can see today. Scientists who study fossils are called paleontologists. By examining fossils, we can discover the types of animals and plants that lived on Earth long ago. <...>
A National Standard of Canada is a standard developed by an SCC-accredited Standards Development Organization (SDO), and approved by the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), in accordance with SCC’s: Requirements and Guidance-Accreditation for Standards Development Organizations, and Requirements and Guidance-Approval of National Standards of Canada Designation.
PARISE, M. & GUNN, J. Natural and anthropogenic hazards in karst areas: an introduction
Collapse and subsidence hazards
BRINKMANN, R., WILSON, K., ELKO, N., SEALE, L. D., FLOREA, L. & VACHER, H. L. Sinkhole distribution based on pre-development mapping in urbanized Pinellas County, Florida, USA
WALTHAM, T. & LU, Z. Natural and anthropogenic rock collapse over open caves
NISIO, S., CARAMANNA, G. & CIOTOLI, G. Sinkholes in Italy: first results on the inventory and analysis
ARDAU, F., BALIA, R., BIANCO, M. & DE WAELE, J. Assessment of cover-collapse sinkholes in SW Sardinia (Italy)
SANTO, A., DEL PRETE, S., DI CRESCENZO, G. & ROTELLA, M. Karst processes and slope instability: some investigations in the carbonate Apennine of Campania (southern Italy)
In this chapter, very brief scenarios of the complex interaction of solar radiations with the Earth’s magnetosphere are presented and the intricate origin of the (i) sferics, (ii) pulsations and micropulsations, (iii) variations of the extraterrestrial magnetic fields, (iv) Van Allen Radiation belts, (v) ionosphere, (vi) ring current, (vii) magnetopause, (viii) magnetic sheath, (ix) magnetotail and (x) magnetic storms are discussed. The various branches of geophysics, evolved because of this time varying natural source electromagnetics, are also discussed in reasonable detail. They are (i) telluric current methods (T), (ii) magnetotellurics (MT), (iii) audiofrequency magnetotellurics (AMT), (iv) geomagnetic depth sounding (GDS), (v) magnetometer array studies (MA), (vi) magneto-variational sounding (MVS), marine MT (MMT) and (vii) the audio-frequency magnetic method (AFMAG). A few controlled-source auxiliary tools that are used along with MT and AMT are: (i) controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT), (ii) long/offset transient electromagnetics (LOTEM), (iii) marine controlled electromagnetic (CSEM) and radiomagnetotellurics (RMT). Brief discussions on mathematical modelling and inversion are included to touch upon the interpretational aspects of geophysical data. <...>
The new revised fifth edition of Natural Hazards remains the go-to introductory-level survey intended for university and college courses that are concerned with earth processes that have direct, and often sudden and violent, impacts on human society. The text integrates principles of geology, hydrology, meteorology, climatology, oceanography, soil science, ecology, and solar system astronomy.
This book is a product of fascination with the enigmatic but enormously hospitable people of Afghanistan, coupled with the unusual historical circumstances that have led to the special conditions of the modern Afghanistan. Many people and institutions over the years have helped to accrue the necessary knowledge on Afghanistan and motivate the author to keep at it even when the situation was not particularly conducive to continuation.