This publication consists of tite revision of an abundant and well preserved flora. Thís flora was collected in the region known as El Consuelo, Iocated in the Mixteca Alta, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, and studíed by Wieland in 1914. The purpose of this revision was múltiple. From the observation of the material and the Illustrations of the monograph (Wieland, 1914-1916), it is evident that Wieland applied a stríct monotypic criterion.

How can we know about rivers that became extinct millions of years ago? The flowing water has gone. The channels and river plains have gone. Even the continents have gone. Only the river sediments of gravel, sand and mud remain, turned into rock as conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone through geological time. Prior to the observant eye of Leonardo da Vinci in the fifteenth century, the connection between soft sediment and solid rock was obscure.

Lecture 1: Intriduction

Lecture 2: Phenomenological Methodologies & Observational Approach

Lecture 3: Rock Mass Classification & Empirical Design

Lecture 4: Kinematic Analysis I (Slopes)

Lecture 5: Kinematic Analysis II (Underground)

Lecture 6: Limit Equilibrium

Lecture 7: In Situ Stresses & Stress Measurement

Lecture 8: Stress Analysis around Underground Openings

Many of the Earth’s most fascinating natural processes are related to rock fractures.Volcanic eruptions, tectonic earthquakes, geysers, large landslides and the formation and development of mid-ocean ridges all depend on fracture formation and propagation. Rock fractures

are also of fundamental importance in more applied fields such as those related to fluidfilled reservoirs, deep crustal drilling, tunnelling, road construction, dams, geological and geophysical mapping and field geology and geophysics.

There has been great progress in understanding fracture initiation and propagation over the past decades. The results of this progress are summarised in many papers, textbooks and monographs within the fields of fracture mechanics and materials science. Much of this improved knowledge of fracture development is of great relevance for understanding and modelling geological processes that relate to rock fractures. <...>