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Автор(ы):Attendorn H.-G., Bowen R.N.C.
Издание:Chapman & Hall, 1997 г., 522 стр., ISBN: 0-412-75280-8
Язык(и)Английский
Radioactive and stable isotope geology / Геология радиоактивных и стабильных изотопов

Isotopic (nuclear) geology constitutes an exact, quantitative branch of the Earth sciences which has expanded rapidly to cover a wide spectrum of applications since the establishment of its basic principles by the early 1950s, in part following seminal researches by H. C. Urey, H. A. Lowenstam, S. Epstein, T. Mayeda and numerous others. This immense progress, accelerating in recent years, led to the application of isotopes in attempting to resolve a variety of geochemical and geological problems in the Earth sciences. Lunar exploration too provided rocks for analysis and their examination stimulated refinements in mass spectrometry later used for terrestrial materials as well. New geochronometric methods were devised and include those based on the radioactive decay of l47Sm to l4:tNd, l76Lu to l7f,Hf, l87Re to ,87Os and 4llK to 4(1Ca, as well as others depending upon the production and distribution of cosmogenic radionuclides such as 2(,A1, l0Be and 36C1.

Автор(ы):Shields G., Stille P.
Издание:Springer, 1997 г., 224 стр., ISBN: 3-540-63177-1
Язык(и)Английский
Radiogenic isotope geochemistry of sedimentary and aquatic systems / Геохимия радиоактивных изотопов осадочных и водных систем

This book is based on the script of a lecture course in isotope geochemistry, which is given at the University of Strasbourg, France and at the Eidgen6ssische Tech nische Hochschule (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland by Peter Stille. It is intended to be read by geologists, hydrologists, geochemists and any researchers and students from the broad fieldof environmental science. Its purpose is to enable readers to venture safely into the often mirky realms of radiogenic isotope geochemistry' applied to sedimentary and aquatic systems. The authors have strived to construct the book in such a way that it can be read and understood by those readers, especially students, who have no background in geochemistry. 7 chapters.take the reader through the rock cycle from weathering on the continent to eventual deposition in the sea, looked at largely from the perspective of radiogenic isotope geochemistry. <...>

Издание 2
Автор(ы):Dickin A.P.
Издание:Cambridge University Press, 2005 г., 508 стр., ISBN: 978-0-511-11544-8
Язык(и)Английский
Radiogenic isotope geology / Радиогенная изотопная геология

Modern isotope geochemistry is a rapidly expanding field that has a part to play in a broad range of Earth and planetary sciences – from extra-solar-system processes to environmental geoscience. This new edition of a popular textbook is completely updated and places more emphasis on the uses of radiogenic isotopes in environmental Earth science.

Издание:Springer, 2010 г., 311 стр., ISBN: 978-90-481-2998-0
Язык(и)Английский
Radiogenic isotopes in geologic processes / Радиогенные изотопы в геологических процессах

Do we actually understand geologic processes? New technology brings new information and perceptions, which sometimes overturn imaginations based on simple observation and estimation, in conjunction with common sense inference. In 1902– 1904, Pierre Curie and Ernest Rutherford first formulated the idea of using radioactive transformation of nuclides as a geologic chronometer. After a century of working with such tools, geology has advanced from a descriptive science to an analytic science that formulates conclusions based on exact values. The technology of radiogenic isotope geology has created a branch of science that considers the Earth as a planet generated within a Solar system and studies the subsequent evolution of geologic processes that has resulted in the present formation of our planet’s continents and oceans.<...>

Редактор(ы):Rull F., Caumon M.-C., Dubessy I.
Издание:The Mieralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, 2012 г., 504 стр., ISBN: 978-0-903056-31-1
Язык(и)Английский
Raman Spectroscopy applied to the Eath Sciences and Cultural Heritage

In Earth Sciences and Cultural Heritage Science we can only understand the formation of the 'objects' if they are well characterized. Optical observation, including optical microscopy, is still the primary tool and is essential in obtaining a preliminary, qualitative determination of an object, to determine the relations between it and other objects, and to place it in a general context. Most of the time, however, optical observations are insufficient. Spectroscopic methods are the second "set of eyes" used to gain greater insight into these objects and to use physical chemistry, if applicable, to derive the mechanisms of formation. Spectroscopic methods are numerous and have been described in a previous volume (6) in the EMU Notes in Mineralogy series, edited by A. Beran & E. Libowitzky (2004).

Источник:Geo.web.ru
Автор(ы):Grauch R.I., Orris G.J.
Издание:2002 г., 173 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences / Рудники, месторождения и рудопроявления редкоземельных элементов

Data on rare earth (including yttrium) mines, deposits, and occurrences were compiled as part of an effort by the USGS and the University of Arizona Center for Mineral Resources to summarize current knowledge on the supply and demand outlook and related topics for this group of elements. Economic competition and environmental concerns are increasingly constraining the mining and processing of rare earths from the Mountain Pass mine in California. For many years, the deposit at Mountain Pass was the world's dominant source of rare earth elements and the United States was essentially self-sufficient. Starting approximately 10 years ago, the U.S. has become increasingly dependent (> 90 percent of separated rare earths) upon imports from China, now the dominant source of rare earths. Knowledge of the known economic and noneconomic sources of rare earths is basic to evaluating the outlook  for rare earth upply and associated issues. <...>

Автор(ы):Леснов Ф.П.
Издание:CRC Press, 2010 г., 586 стр., ISBN: 978-0-415-57890-5
Язык(и)Английский (перевод с русского)
Rare earth elements in ultramafic and mafic rocks and their minerals. Main types of rocks. Rock-forming minerals / Редкоземельные элементы в ультраосновных и основных породах и их минералах. Главные породы. Породообразующие минералы

This monograph is the generalization of up-to-date data and theoretical ideas on the problems of the geochemistry of rare earth elements (REE) in ultramafic and mafic rocks as well as in their minerals. As is the convention in the Russian, URSS literature, by the term “rare earth elements’’ or REE, we mean, after Henderson (Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, 1984), the chemical elements of Group IIIA of the Periodic Table of Elements from lanthanum to lutetium with atomic numbers from 57 to 71: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. For brevity, this group of elements is sometimes referred to as “lanthanides’’ (Solodov et al., 1998).

Издание:Elsevier, 2015 г., 10 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Rare earth elements: industrial applications and economic dependency of Europe / Редкоземельные элементы: промышленное применение и экономическая зависимость Европы

Rare Earth Oxides are used in mature markets (such as catalysts, glassmaking and metallurgy), which account for 59% of the total worldwide consumption of rare earth elements, and in newer, high-growth markets (such as battery alloys, ceramics, and permanent magnets), which account for 41% of the total worldwide consumption of rare earth elements.

Автор(ы):Humphries M.
Издание:CRC Report for congress, 2012 г., 30 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Rare earth elements: The global supply chain / Редкоземельные элементы: Глобальная цепочка поставок

The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs) outside the United States raises the important issue of supply vulnerability. REEs are used for new energy technologies and national security applications. Is the United States vulnerable to supply disruptions of REEs? Are these elements essential to U.S. national security and economic well-being?
There are 17 rare earth elements (REEs), 15 within the chemical group called lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium. The lanthanides consist of the following: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Rare earths are moderately abundant in the earth’s crust, some even more abundant than copper, lead, gold, and platinum.

Издание:Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 1998 г., 17 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Readsorption of gold during selective extraction — observations and potential solutions

This paper describes a soil extraction method developed to investigate the different chemistries of Au in various soils in the Yilgarn Craton. The extraction solution is 1 M sodium bicarbonater0.1 M potassium iodide, saturated with CO2 and adjusted to pH 7.4 with hydrochloric acid. A soil : solution ratio of 1 : 2 Žg : ml. is used. Two different methods were used: Ž1. net iodide-extractable Au, with solutions analysed directly for Au; Ž2. gross iodide-soluble Au, where activated carbon is added to the mixture and the carbon analysed at the end of the extraction, thus providing a measure of all Au dissolved during the extraction Žincluding that readsorbed during the net extraction.. Depending on the extraction conditions, there may be appreciable readsorption of Au, particularly for organic-rich ŽG50%. and Fe-rich lateritic soils Ž)80%.. This readsorption is enhanced by pulverizing to -75 mm. Consequently, for simple extractions longer than 1 day, pulverized soils give lower apparent Au solubility than do unpulverized soils. Unpulverized carbonate-rich soils show high Au solubilities and little Žoften -20%. readsorption, and consequently show high net iodide-solubilities. These readsorption phenomena could affect other methods used in exploration and should be thoroughly investigated before incorrect conclusions are drawn. The readsorption problems are removed by adding activated carbon to the extraction mixtures; the carbon adsorbs Au as it is dissolved from the sample and is subsequently analysed. However, different soil types still show distinctly different Au solubilities, which should be recognized for interpretation of extraction results. Again, this effect should be tested for other extraction techniques. A more intractable problem may be that biological cycling of the Au through plants and other organisms appears to cause high Au solubilities in many soils. This effect may obscure any potential ‘mineralization signature’ that is being tested by selective extractions, and could cause problems for any extraction method, no matter how well designed

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