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Shale Oil represents a huge additional global fossil fuel resource. However, extracting oil from the shale is no simple task; much still needs to be understood to make the process more cost-effective to increase economic flow rates. Clear and rigorous, Oil Shale Production Process will prove useful for those scientists and engineers already engaged in fossil fuel science and technology as well as scientists, non-scientists, engineers, and non-engineers who wish to gain a general overview or update of the science and technology of fossil fuels. Not only does the book discuss the production processes but also provides methods which should reduce environmental footprint by properly addressing: surface mining and extraction processes, in situ conversion process and hydrotreatment.
The use of shallow geothermal energy has increased enormously over the past ten years. As the number of geothermal energy installations has risen, so has the number of technical developments in the field. There have been cases of damage in connection with the construction and operation of geothermal energy systems which have attracted much attention in the media. In particular, the cases of damage that have become public show that drilling to depths of several hundred metres is a technical activity that calls for responsible procedures in the sense of quality-assured design, construction and operation of the systems. Avoiding damage caused by shallow geothermal energy installations is a top priority for sustainable geothermal energy uses, especially when bodies of groundwater have to be protected against adverse effects.
The baggy beds of north devon and west Somerset comprise some 440 m of shallow-water marine sandstones and shales of Upper Devonian (Famennian) age. They succeed the Pickwell Down Sandstone and Upcott Beds of Old Red Sandstone facies, and are followed by the Pilton Beds, a neritic facies. The lower part of the Pilton Beds has been correlated with the Wocklumeria Stage (Stufe) VI of the Famennian (Goldring 1955, 1957). Unpublished work on the conodont and spore assemblages indicates that the Baggy Beds are also of Wocklumeria age (R. Austin, G. Dolby & J. Williams, personal communication). <...>
Although many intact rock types can be very strong, a critical confining pressure can eventually be reached in triaxial testing, such that the Mohr shear strength envelope becomes horizontal. This critical state has recently been better defined, and correct curvature or correct deviation from linear Mohr–Coulomb (MC) has finally been found.
The Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Xiong’er volcanic rocks along the southern margin of the North China Craton are lithologically and geochemically similar to those formed in subduction-related, continental margin volcanic arcs. The volcanic rocks are primarily composed of basaltic andesites and andesites, with minor dacites and dacitic rhyolites. Traditionally, the Xiong’er volcanic rocks have been divided from lower to upper into the Xushan, Jidanping and Majiahe Formations, but the ages of volcanic rocks in these formations have not been well constrained, which has hindered further understanding the tectonic significance oftheXiong’er volcanicbeltatthe southern marginofthe NorthChina Craton.
In previous years, the genesis of uniquely large mineral deposits became one of the most urgent geological problems because of the key role played by giant deposits: accounting for <5 % of the currently developed mineral deposits, these deposits satisfy 85 % the world’s consumption of mineral resources. The development of these deposits should provide a basis for the stable progression of our civilization (Rundkvist and Kravchenko 1996 ). Another important aspect in the analysis of super-large mineral deposits is their genesis because these deposits are, in fact, giant geochemical anomalies in the Earth’s crust (e.g., the PGE concentrations in the Noril’sk ores are six to seven orders of magnitude higher than those in the clarkes) <...>
This chapter reviews the geological occurrences, structures, and phase transitions of the low-pressure silica polymorphs-quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite. All these phases experience displacive transformations that involve structural contraction with decreased temperature, and research over the past three decades has sought out the mechanisms that control these transitions. The passage from ~- to a-quartz is associated with an intermediate phase that is stable over a 1.3°C temperature interval. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy have revealed that this phase consists of Dauphine microtwins that are incommensurately modulated. Meteoritic and synthetic tridymite experience a series of structural alterations with decreasing temperature during which the symmetry changes from hexagonal (HP) to orthorhombic (OC, OS, and OP) to monoclinic (MC). Phase transition behavior in terrestrial tridymite (PO-n and MX-1) is more complex, probably due to a greater degree of structural disorder. The transformation from cubic ~- cristobalite to tetragonal a-cristobalite is marked by a high spontaneous strain and a large hysteresis in the transition temperature. The three high-temperature polymorphs-s-bquartz, HP-tridymite, and ~-cristobalite-exhibit evidence for dynamical disorder, but the nature of the atomic oscillations in these phases remains an active area of investigation. <...>
Концепции корреляции с высоким разрешением возраста и фаций
As the search for oil and gas becomes more sophisticated and producing basins and fields become more intensely developed, geoscientists need correspondingly more accurate techniques for stratigraphic analysis. To achieve this accuracy, companies are shooting higher-resolution seismic lines, acquiring 3-D seismic surveys over fields, and coring more to quantify reservoir properties.
Applying depositional sequence stratigraphic concepts to the interpretation of siliciclastic depositional systems is becoming an increasingly important tool in petroleum geology. After a succession of breakthroughs during the 1970s and 1980s, sequence stratigraphic concepts now have entered a phase of intense application and documentation, especially with regard to successful implementation in the field of petroleum geology. Workers have applied these concepts to a variety of data bases ranging from outcrop to cores to electric logs to multifold seismic data. Clearly, sequence stratigraphic concepts embody not a rigid model or template, but rather a way of looking at geology.
