An intimate coexistence of minerals in close contact with one another, observed repeatedly in definite geologic settings, is called their paragenesis. The paragenesis of minerals may result from different causes. Usually by paragenesis is meant an association of minerals formed simultaneously as products of a certain stage of a given process. Such, for instance, is the paragenesis of minerals formed at the same time by a metamor-phic process and existing in close contact with one another. In this book we have in mind precisely this kind of paragenesis of simultaneously formed minerals. Some authors use the term paragenesis to designate an association of noncontemporaneous minerals, provided there is regularity in their occurrence together. Such, for example, is the paragenesis of primary minerals with the products of their decomposition, or the paragenesis of minerals which crystallize in a regular sequence from a cooling magma or a hydrothermal solution, forming overgrowths on one another. The term paragenesis will not be used here in this broader sense. <...>

It has long been recognized that atomic interactions are key in understanding largescale geological phenomena, which is an approach dating at least as far back as the days of Goldschmidt [1]. Conversely, a study of the materials that comprise the planets can tell us much about fundamental physics and chemistry. This line of approach is subsequently exemplified by Pauling's development of the theory of chemical bonding from the structural studies of minerals [2].

Красной нитью этого тома является идея подставления различных методов исследования процессов, происходящих в реальных озёрах. Часть I посвящена подходам и техникам численного моделирования, приложенным к демонстрации отклика озера на ветровое воздействие. Она начинается с представления баротропных и бароклинных течений и распределений температуры воды, формирующихся в озере Цюрих в результате действия различных ветровых сценариев.

This work is not intended as a textbook, or as a review, but represents an enquiry into the problem of how and why solid planets produce crusts. As this seems to have happened at many different scales throughout the Solar System, we were curious to see whether some general principles might emerge from the detail. The formation of the planets themselves is the outcome of essentially random processes, constrained mainly by the history of the inner nebula and by the cosmochemical abundances of the chemical elements. But perhaps the production of crusts might be a simpler or more uniform process, a notion supported by the frequent appearance of basaltic lavas of assorted types on the surfaces of rocky bodies. <...>