Важность понимания трехмерного кинематического управления при анализе мониторинга смещений в глубоких карьерах над подземными горными работами

Surface mining operations are increasingly involving the design and development of  deeper and larger open pits, often with plans to transition into underground mass mining operations. Experiences at the Palabora Mine in South Africa demonstrate the complex interactions between underground workings and the steep slopes above that may lead to slope movements that potentially pose safety and economic concerns. To properly assess the rock mass response to these interactions for planning of future developments, understanding the controlling influence of geological and geomechanical structures is crucial. Preliminary results are presented from a detailed review of historical slope monitoring data from the Palabora Mine, before and after the initiation of block caving 400-m beneath a 800-m deep pit. This paper demonstrates that a detailed analysis of geology and monitoring data can be used to better understand the kinematic controls of complex rock slope displacements and interactions between open pits and underground mines. This investigative treatment of the monitoring data is important in understanding the failure mechanisms prior to undertaking sophisticated 3-D numerical models

Accurate recoverable resource estimation and grade control procedures are the foundation of successful mining ventures. Long, medium and short term planning in a mining operation are all dependent upon precise estimations. For example, poor estimation may result in the long term in a pit being incorrectly optimised, in the medium term cashflow forecasts may be disastrously inaccurate, and in the short term the allocation of ore and waste material by grade control may be erroneous.

Since the demise of non-avian dinosaurs some 65 million years ago, modern mammals—that is to say, marsupials, placentals, and monotremes—have become conspicuous, diverse elements of Earth’s biota. But the family tree that includes mammals and their nearest relatives (mammaliaforms, in technical parlance) is far more deeply rooted in time, extending back to perhaps 220 million years ago. Clearly, then, the varieties known from the “age of mammals” that followed dinosaur extinctions represent only the uppermost boughs of what is increasingly being revealed as a bushy, complex tree. <...>

Translational symmetry is firmly established as the key property characterizing the crystalline state of matter. This is founded in the successes of translational symmetry in explaining physical properties of crystalline compounds and Bragg reflections in their diffraction patterns, as well as in the many substances that possess periodic atomic structures. An alternative and perhaps better characterization of the crystalline state is by long-range order of the atomic structure. The past fifty years have seen a continuous increase of the awareness that long-range order can be achieved differently than by translational symmetry. Modulated crystals and composite crystals have atomic structures that can be described as variations on periodic structures, while quasicrystals differ from crystals with translational symmetry in a more fundamental way. This book presents the methods of structural analysis of incommensurately modulated crystals and incommensurate composite crystals <...>