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All symbols used in the present work are defined at the appropriate place in the text, which can be found by reference to the index at the end of the volume. The units defined below, and the symbols by which they are identified, are confined to a general list of those most commonly used in the present work; other units will be defined where necessary in the text itself. It must be noted that a number of traditional units have been retained as a matter of policy throughout the work because they are still widely used in the current as well as in the past literature; e.g. the litre has been used as a unit volume although IAPSO have recommended that for high-precision measurements of volume it be replaced by the cubic decimetre (dm3). For a detailed treatment of the use of SI units in oceanography see the IAPSO recommendations published by Unesco (1985). <...>
The oceans of the world represent a natural depository for the dissolved and particulate products of continental weathering. After its input, the dissolved material consolidates by means of biological and geochemical processes and is deposited on the ocean floor along with the particulate matter from weathered rock. The ocean floor deposits therefore embody the history of the continents, the oceans and their pertaining water masses.
Basic data on the opening of backarc basin, South China Sea (abbreviated as SCS hereafter) basin, were obtained through a two-year Japan and China cooperative joint marine geophysical survey in 1993 and 1994. Some new gravity, magnetic and seismic structural data by reflection as well as refraction study of SCS were obtained and added to existing data. A systematic three component magnetic measurement was made for the first time in this basin. These data in addition to those of earlier studies are constraints for depicting a thinning of a continental crust and later followed by a backarc basin opening by ocean floor spreading. Gravimetric and magnetic anomalies, heat flow, and ages of drilled rocks from this area are referred to speculating on the opening scheme of SCS. Origin of disoriented and scattered magnetic anomaly lineations is suggested to be due to intermittent activities along opening ridge systems of SCS. <...>
This planet contains so much water that perhaps it should have been better named Oceania. It is the only known body in the solar system that is surrounded by water filled with unique geologic structures and teeming with a staggering assortment of marine life. Some of the strangest creatures on Earth, whose ancestors go back several hundred million years, live on the deep ocean floor.
One of the earliest records, if not the earliest, of iron-manganese concretions relates to the form of soil nodules appropriately known as “buckshot gravel” and is given by Liechhardt (1847; quoted in Bryan, 1952) in his book “Overland Expedition from Morton Bay to Port Essington”. “Swarms of whistling ducks occupied large ponds in the creek, but our shot was all used, and the small iron-pebbles which we used as a substitute were not heavy enough to kill even a duck.” Such are the beginnings of science.
During the past century, scientists, world statesmen, and international entrepreneurs have become increasingly aware of the potential of the oceans as a source for minerals. This book provides an authoritative picture of the currentstate of marine mineral extraction. A major work of reference, it will be essential reading both for those engaged in maritime studies and for professional organizations involved in the extraction of underwater minerals.
Discoveries of new types of marine mineral occurrences during the last decade, and specifically the massive sulfide deposits at spreading ridges on the ocean floor, have significantly advanced geologic concepts about the origin of ore deposits in a very short period of time. These discoveries also renewed interest in all marine mineral occurrences including the well-known manganese nodules, and led to more wide-ranging and thorough examination of cobalt-rich manganese crusts, expanded mapping of phosphorites of continental shelves, and the initiation of several new surveys for placer minerals in shallow waters. The result of these activities is already noticeable in an increasingly broader variety of minerals being found on and below the ocean floor. <...> Report of the working group on placer minerals
Report of the working group on marine phosphorites
Report of the working group on manganese nodules and crusts
Report of the working group on marine sulfides
Sedimentary models to estimate the heavy-mineral potential of shelf sediments
Exploring the offshore area of N.E. Greece for placer deposits
The development of techniques for marine geological surveys
Model of Tertiary phosphorites on the world's continental margins
Open-ocean phosphorites: In a class by themselves?
Some mineral resources of the West African continental shelves related to Holocene shorelines: Phosphorite (Gabon, Congo), glauconite (Congo) and ilmenite (Senegal, Mauritania)
Exploration and genesis of submarine phosphorite deposits from the Chatham Rise, New Zealand: A review
Controls on the nature and distribution of manganese nodules in the western Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Growth history and variability of manganese nodules of the Equatorial North Pacific
Chemistry and growth history of central Pacific Mn-crusts and their economic importance
Geochemical methods in manganese nodule exploration
Analysis and metallurgy of manganese nodules and crusts
Nodule exploration: Accomplishments, needs and problems
Deep-ocean near-bottom surveying techniques
Seafloor polymetallic sulfides: Scientific curiosities or mines of the future?
Sulfide deposits of the seafloor: Geological models and resource perspectives based on studies in ophiolite sequencesRecent hydrothermal metal accumulation, products, and condi tions of formation
The chemistry of submarine oTrace element and precious metal concentrations in East Pacific Rise, Cyprus and Red Sea submarine sulfide depositsre-forming solutions
Possibility of mineral enrichment in the Black Sea
Seafloor volcanism and polymetallic sulfide deposits in ancient active margins: The case of the Iberian pyrite belt
Scientific rationale for establishing long-term ocean bottom observatory/laboratory systems
Electrical methods in the exploration of seafloor mineral deposits
Sources of confusion: What ~re marine mineral resources?
Thoughts on appraising marine mineral resources
Estimation of the probability of occurrence of polymetallic massive sulfide deposits on the ocean floor
Resource assessments, geological deposit models and offshore minerals with an example of heavy-mineral sands
Aspects of marine placer minerals: Economic potential of coastal deposits in Italy, testing procedures and market condi tions
Geostatistical problems in marine placer exploration
Geostatistical reserve modeling and mining simulation of the Atlantis II Deep's metalliferous sediments
An investigation of the applicability of trend surface analysis to marine exploration geochemistry
The formation and evolution of the Earth and planets depend on transfer of mass and energy. Magma and fluid are integral parts of the transport processes that govern the mass and energy transfer. Mass transport property data are central to describe those processes. Mass transport is accomplished by transfer of fluids and magma and typically takes place at high temperature and pressure. Mass transport typically occurs along temperature and pressure gradients, which means that energy transport also associates with mass transport, although in this book, energy transfer is not explicitly discussed.
Interest in the plastic deformation of rocks arises mainly from its application in the Earth sciences, especially in structural geology and tectonics. Its experimental study has consequently been pursued mainly in laboratories associated with geology or geophysics departments or institutes. However, the physical mechanisms involved are of considerable interest in materials science and some workers in the field of rock deformation have had a materials science affiliation.
Учебное пособие содержит примеры, позволяющие получить основные навыки работы в программе Mathcad, а также задачи, решаемые инженером-нефтяником. Приведенные примеры иллюстрируют применение математических методов для решения задач нефтедобычи. Набор задач подобран таким образом, чтобы охватить разные аспекты деятельности: анализ разработки, обработка результатов исследований скважин, расчет показателей и др.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов специальности «Разработка и эксплуатация нефтяных и газовых месторождений» (130503) при изучении дисциплины «Применение ЭВМ в нефтегазодобыче».
