A consideration of the interactions between glaciers and permafrost is essential to many environmental studies of cold regions. This paper reviews how concepts, field data and experimental studies from glaciology and geocryology can provide a basis for improved understanding of some of the key glacier-permafrost interactions at scales ranging from continental ice sheets to small proglacial streams. Glacitectonic processes are strongly influenced by water pressures beneath subglacial and proglacial permafrost, and by the amount of unfrozen water within the permafrost.

The material in this book is derived from an intensive course in X-ray structure analysis organized on behalf of the Chemical Crystallography Group of the British Crystallographic Association and held every two years since 1987. As with a crystal structure derived from X-ray diffraction data, the course contents have been gradually refined over the years and they reached a stage in 1999 (the seventh course) where we considered they could be published, and hence made available to a  far wider audience than can be accommodated on the course itself.

The terms interlayering, mixed-layering, and interstratification describe phyllosilicate structures in which two or more kinds of layers occur in a vertical stacking sequence, that is, along c* or a line normal to (001). Phyllosilicate layers are strongly bonded internally but rather weakly bonded to each other. Thus, each layer approximates a one-dimensional “molecule” in the e* direction, and a two-dimensional crystal in the a and b directions. The basal surfaces of different kinds of layers are geometrically very similar and consist of sheets of oxygen or hydroxyl ions in quasi-hexagonal array. Consequently, layers with different internal arrangements can stack together and still articulate well at their interfaces. These structural factors are almost unique to the clays and phyllosilicates generally, and doubtless are responsible for the common occurrence of interstratified species. <...>

Crystallization from solution is a core technology in major sectors of the chemical process and allied industries. Crystals are produced in varying sizes ranging from as small as a few tens of nanometers to several millimetres or more, both as discrete particles and as structured agglomerates. Well-established examples include bulk and fine chemicals and their intermediates, such as common salt, sodium carbonate, zeolite catalysts and absorbents, ceramic and polyester pre-cursors, detergents, fertilizers, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and pigments.