The results of experimental and theoretical studies of isotopic composition of natural waters of the Earth’s hydrosphere are analyzed and summarized in this book. These studies represent a modern direction of science of the natural waters actively developed in hydrology, hydrogeology, oceanography, and climatology starting from the middle of last century. The book is a further development and improvement of the earlier published author’s works: Cosmogenic Isotopes of the Hydrosphere, Nauka, Moscow, 1984; Isotopy of the Hydrosphere, Nauka, Moscow, 1983; Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrosphere, Nedra, Moscow, 1975 and Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrosphere, Wiley, Chichester–New York, 1982.

Part 1: Contribution of Geochemistry to the Study of the Earth, 1
1. Geochemistry and Secular Geochemical Evolution of the Earth’s Mantle and Lower Crust Balz S. Kamber
2. Crustal Evolution – A Mineral Archive Perspective C.J. Hawkesworth, A.I.S. Kemp, B. Dhuime and C.D. Storey

3. Discovering the History of Atmospheric Oxygen Heinrich D. Holland
4. Geochemistry of the Oceanic Crust Karsten M. Haase

Geology, Geochemistry, and Natural Abundances of the Rare Earth Elements

Sustainability of Rare Earth Resources

The Electronic Structure of the Lanthanides

Variable Valency

Group Trends

Solvento Complexes of the Lanthanide Ions

Lanthanides in Living Systems

Lanthanides: Coordination Chemistry

Organometallic Chemistry Fundamental Properties

Lanthanides: ‘‘Comparison to 3d Metals’’

Luminescence

Lanthanides: Luminescence Applications

Magnetism

The Divalent State in Solid Rare Earth Metal Halides

Lanthanide Halides

Lanthanide Oxide/Hydroxide Complexes

Lanthanide Alkoxides

Rare Earth Siloxides

Thiolates, Selenolates, and Tellurolates

Carboxylate

Lanthanide Complexes with Amino Acids

β-Diketonate

Rare Earth Borides, Carbides and Nitrides

Lanthanide Complexes with Multidentate Ligands

Alkyl

Aryls

Trivalent Chemistry: Cyclopentadienyl

Tetravalent Chemistry: Inorganic

Tetravalent Chemistry: Organometallic

Molecular Magnetic Materials

Near-Infrared Materials

Superconducting Materials

Metal–Organic Frameworks

Upconversion Nanoparticles for Bioimaging Applications

Oxide and Sulfide Nanomaterials

Rare Earth Metal Cluster Complexes

Organic Synthesis

Homogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Supramolecular Chemistry: from Sensors and Imaging Agents to Functional Mononuclear and Polynuclear Self-Assembly Lanthanide Complexes

Endohedral Fullerenes

Lanthanide Shift Reagents

Lanthanides: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Luminescent Bioprobes

Sensors for Lanthanides and Actinides

Среднее Поволжье и Прикамье включают территорию, тяготеющую к Волге в среднем ее течении и к Каме — в нижнем и среднем течении, общей площадью около 500 тыс. км2. Эта территория почти равна площади Франции и в два раза превышает площадь Англии.

Explosive volcanic eruptions eject large volumes of high surface area, metal-rich dust and ash into the atmosphere. In areas near major volcanic eruptions, humans often interact with these materials and may bioaccumulate heavy and toxic metals. To evaluate these interactions, we examine bronchoalveolar lavage samples (BAL) collected from people exposed to the paroxysmal 2001 Etna eruption.

Copper and gold mineralization in the Maher-Abad deposit, eastern Iran, is closely related to the multiple emplacement episodes of Upper Eocene granodiorite porphyries within andesitic volcaniclastic and coeval quartz monzonite stocks. The magmatic hydrothermal fluids thereafter hydrofracturing provided appropriate conduits, formed a stockwork of quartz and quartz–sulfide veinlets within the porphyritic host rocks which were extensively altered into potassic, propylitic, phyllic, and argillic assemblages.

The methodology of isotope and geochemical studies involves the most complicated analytical procedures to obtain high-quality results and application to the analytical data of the genetic criteria developed by isotope geochemistry. Our results and recommendations can be regarded as innovative; they are for the first time based on such a broad and complete (11 systems) set of studies of independent isotope systems with nano- and micro-amounts of matter.

Enriched Mantle Reservoirs as a Source of the Largest Apatite and Rare-Metal Deposits 

L. N. Kogarko

Problems of Mantle Structure and Compositions of Various Terranes of Siberian Craton 

I. V. Ashchepkov, N. V. Vladykin, A. Ivanov, S. Babushkina, M. Vavilov, and N. Medvedev

Zhidoy Alkali-Ultramafic Rock and Carbonatite Massif: Geochemical Features, Its Sources Aednd Ore-Bearing

N. V. Vladykin, I. A. Sotnikova, and N. V. Alymova

Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Content of Alkaline Granite Magmatism of East Sayan Zone (On the Example of Zashikhinsky Deposit) 

N. V. Alymova and N. V. Vladykin