Many of the methods now used for gold extraction are based on techniques that have been known or established for centuries. Gravity concentration, amalgamation, cyanide leaching, chlorination, zinc precipitation, and carbon/charcoal adsorption are all processes that have been used for at least a hundred years, and combinations of these remain as the basis for most gold recovery flowsheets.

В дайной брошюре обобщен опыт работы центральной и экспедиционных лабораторий Северо-Западного геологического управления Министерства геологии и охраны недр СССР по организации и производству массовых анализов руд и пород, содержащих редкие элементы: ниобий, тантал, бериллий, цирконий, литий, рубидий, цезий и группу редких земель.

Minerals are intrinsically resistant to the processes that homogenize silicate liquids—their compositions thus yield an archive of volcanic and magmatic processes that are invisible at the whole rock scale. Minerals and their inclusions record diverse magma compositions, the depths and temperatures of magma storage, the nature of open system processes, and the rates at which magmas ascend.

Melt inclusions (MI) are small droplets of melt now containing some combination of crystals, glass and vapor that are trapped in crystals formed in magmas. Over the past few decades, the study of MI has matured to become an accepted technique to investigate melt evolution in volcanic systems (Clocchiatti 1975, Roedder 1979, Lowenstern 1995, 2003, Sobolev 1996, Frezzotti 2001, Hauri et al. 2001, Anderson 2003, Schiano 2003). MI in volcanic rocks are commonly large (>50 µm), glassy and contained in fresh and transparent minerals, and are generally easy to identify. MI in volcanic rocks generally provide consistent and reasonable results concerning the chemistry of melts at depth and provide the best tool available for assessing the volatiles in magmas (Anderson 1973, 1974, Lowenstern 1994, 1995, 2003). The best MI are often found in the most rapidly cooled parts of pyroclastic deposits and glassy rinds of lavas, which are not so easy to find (A.T. Anderson, Jr., personal communication, 2006).

The Middle Miocene Orduzu volcanic suite, which is a part of the widespread Neogene Yamadag˘ volcanism of Eastern Anatolia, consists of a rhyolitic lava flow, rhyolitic dykes, a trachyandesitic lava flow and basaltic trachyandesitic dykes. Existence of mafic enclaves and globules in some of the volcanic rocks, and microtextures in phenocrysts indicate that magma mingling and mixing between andesitic and basaltic melts played an important role in the evolution of the volcanic suite. Major and trace element characteristics of the volcanic rocks are similar to those formed in convergent margin settings.

Geochemistry is the study of the development, and distribution of chemical elements on Earth, which are found in rock-forming minerals and their byproducts, as well as in living beings, water, and the environment. The elemental geochemical variation of sediments is used to recognize the mechanisms controlling the estuarine environment and serves as a baseline for assessing the environmental effect in the future. Geochemistry is a unique field that deals with the study of mineral deposits.

Несомненной является связь вариаций состава и геохимических особенностей гранитоидных пород с условиями их формирования. Ранее это подчеркивалось Ю.А. Кузнецовым (1964) при выделении им целого ряда гранитоидных формаций от субвулканических гранитов до глубинных гранитоидных батолитов различного состава. При решении проблем петрогенезиса гранитоидных пород особый интерес должны представлять интрузивно-дайковые серии, включающие как массивы гранитоидов, формирующиеся в условиях автохтонных и аллохтонных фаций, так и сопровождающие их и близкие им по возрасту пояса субвулканических даиковых пород, которые часто выходят за пределы гранитоидных плутонов и локализуются в виде протяженных линейных зон. Широкие вариации состава даиковых тел от основных до редкометалльных кислых пород и их связь с составом близких по возрасту гранитоидных массивов дает возможность расшифровать процессы мантийнно-корового взаимодействия и условия формирования исследуемых интрузивно-дайковых серий.<...>

In this chapter, we review the principles and basic tools of crystallography. A thorough understanding of crystallography is a prerequisite for anybody who wishes to learn transmission electron microscopy (ТЕМ) and its applications to solid (mostly inorganic) materials. All diffraction techniques, whether they use x-rays, neutrons, or electrons, make extensive use of the concept of reciprocal space and, as we shall see repeatedly later on in this book, ТЕМ is a unique tool for directly probing this space. Hence, it is important that the ТЕМ user become as familiar with reciprocal space as with direct or crystal space.

Книга посвящена спектральным методам анализа окислов редкоземельных элементов. Приведены сведения о физико-химических свойствах РЗЭ, результаты изучения процессов в зоне разряда, методы определения в редкоземельных окислах нередкоземельных и редкоземель. ных примесей.
Книга рассчитана на аналитиков, работающих в области аналитической химии, а также в области получения и применения высокочистых РЗЭ.

Anniversaries always cause us to reflect upon where we have been and where we are going. Exactly 100 years before the publication of this volume, the first paper which calculated the half-life for the newly discovered radioactive substance U-X (now called 234Th), was published. Now, in this volume, the editors Bernard Bourdon, Gideon Henderson, Craig Lundstrom and Simon Turner have integrated a group of contributors who update our knowledge of U-series geochemistry, offer an opportunity for nonspecialists to understand its basic principles, and give us a view of the future of this active field of research. It was prepared in advance of a two-day short course (April 3-4, 2003) on U-series geochemistry, jointly sponsored by GS and MSA and presented in Paris, France prior to the joint EGS/AGU/EUG meeting in Nice.  <...>