Картография, геодезия и аэрофототопография занимают важное место в системе наук. Словарь содержит 12 500 терминов по картоведению, математической картографии, составлению, оформлению и изданию карт, аэрофотосъемке, дешифрированию и фотограмметрии, геодезии и гравиметрии, а также некоторые наиболее употребительные в указанных науках термины по фотографии, оптике, черчению и инструментоведению. Словарь рассчитан на широкий круг читателей: научных работников, специалистов, переводчиков, преподавателей и студентов. Второе издание «Англо-русского словаря по картографии, геодезии и аэрофототопографии» включает новую терминологию, появившуюся в англо-американской литературе со времени выхода в свет в 1958 г. первого издания словаря. Бурное развитие науки и техники, использование геодезических спутников Земли и электронно-вычислительной техники в значительной степени способствовали появлению новой терминологии в тесно связанных между собой областях картографии, геодезии и аэрофототопографии. Вместе с тем, многие термины приобрели либо повое значение, либо были уточнены в процессе их употребления. В период подготовки второго издания автором были учтены многочисленные пожелания и рекомендации читателей, высказанные в связи с первым изданием. Кроме дополнения словаря нивой терминологией и внесения уточнений в терминологию первого издания, в словаре расширен список специальных сокращений, что значительно облегчит чтение англо-американской литературы и карт. Словарь снабжен подробным русским указателем английских терминов, облегчающим работу при переводе с русского на английский язык. Словарь рассчитан на специалистов и научных работников: картографов, геодезистов, фотограмметристов, переводчиков, преподавателей и студентов специальных картографо-геодезических вузов и географических факультетов университетов. Словарь может быть полезен и другим читателям, интересующимся литературой по картографии, геодезии и аэрофототопографии на английском языке. Замечания и предложения по словарю просим направлять по адресу: Москва. Ж-28, Покровский бульвар, 8, издательство «Советская Энциклопедия».
Gale is pleased to present the third edition of Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia. This is the first new edition of Geo-Data since 1989, and it represents a complete revision and updating of that work. The purpose of the book remains unchanged: to provide the reader with the most detailed and comprehensive descriptions available for the physical geography of countries.Geo-Datays focus and design is unique. Many encyclopedias, atlases, and other books provide some information on geography, but it is usually secondary to history, current events, or other topics. In these sorts of references physical geography receives a few paragraphs of coverage per country at best, compared to pages in Geo-Data. Among the few books that can rival Geo-Data coverage, none can match its ease of use. There is no need to hunt from one end of a dictionary or gazetteer to another, searching for details on a country's many different features. In Geo-Data everything is presented in one place. Each of Geo-Datays entries gives the reader a complete portrait of a country’s mountains, fields, forests, deserts, rivers, seas, wetlands, and other features, with additional information on population distribution and natural resources. Key facts and statistics are highlighted at the beginning of each entry. In addition to the country entries, Geo-Data features a World Rankings Appendix, listing the world's tallest mountains, longest rivers, deepest oceans, largest lakes, most populous countries, and other outstanding features.
Первое издание энциклопедии по геофизике земли было издано в 1989 издательской компанией Вана Ностранда Реинхолда. Более двадцати лет спустя, это новое издание, отредактированное профессором Харшом К. Гупта, представляет полностью пересмотренную и расширенную работу. Энциклопедия объединяет более 200 статей, охватывающих уже установленные и новые концепции геофизики из различных разделов науки, таких как геодезия, геомагнетизм, сейсмология, глубинные земные процессы, тектоника плит, вычислительные методы, и т.д. в систематическом и последовательном формате. Это авторитетный источник информации благодаря вкладу редакторов и авторов со всего света, предназначенный для нынешних и будущих поколений профессионалов.
Few areas of science can have changed as fast as geology has in the past forty years. In the first half of the last century geologists were divided, often bitterly, between the drifters and those who believed that the Earth and its continents were static. Neither side of this debate foresaw that the application of methods from physics, chemistry and mathematics to these speculations would revolutionize the study of all aspects of the Earth Sciences, and would lead to accurate and detailed reconstructions of world geography at former times, as well as to an understanding of the origin of the forces that maintain the continental movements. This change in world-view is no longer controversial, and is now embedded in every aspect of the Earth Sciences. It is a real pleasure to see this change, which has revitalized so many classic areas of research, reflected in the articles of this encyclopedia. Particularly affected are the articles on large-scale Earth processes, which discuss many of the new geological ideas that have come from geophysics and geochemistry. Forty years ago we had no understanding of these topics, which are fundamental to so many aspects of the Earth Sciences. The editors have decided, and in my view quite rightly, not to include detailed discussion of the present technology that is used to make geophysical and geochemical measurements. Such instrumental aspects are changing rapidly and become dated very quickly. They can easily be found in more technical publications. Instead the editors have concentrated on the influence such studies have had on our understanding of the Earth and its evolution, and in so doing have produced an excellent and accessible account of what is now known.
Any encyclopedia has to satisfy a wide variety of users, and in particular those who know that some subject like sedimentation or mineral exploration is part of geology, and go to an encyclopedia of geology to find out more. The editors have made a very thorough attempt to satisfy such users, and have included sections on such unexpected geological topics as the evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere, the geology of Jupiter, Saturn, and their moons, aggregates, and creationism. I congratulate the editors and authors for producing such a fine summary of our present knowledge, and am particularly pleased that they intend to produce an online version of the encyclopedia. Though I have become addicted to using the Internet as my general encyclopedia, I will be delighted to be able to access something concerned with my own field that is as organized and scholarly as are these volumes.
Few areas of science can have changed as fast as geology has in the past forty years. In the first half of the last century geologists were divided, often bitterly, between the drifters and those who believed that the Earth and its continents were static. Neither side of this debate foresaw that the application of methods from physics, chemistry and mathematics to these speculations would revolutionize the study of all aspects of the Earth Sciences, and would lead to accurate and detailed reconstructions of world geography at former times, as well as to an understanding of the origin of the forces that maintain the continental movements. This change in world-view is no longer controversial, and is now embedded in every aspect of the Earth Sciences. It is a real pleasure to see this change, which has revitalized so many classic areas of research, reflected in the articles of this encyclopedia. Particularly affected are the articles on large-scale Earth processes, which discuss many of the new geological ideas that have come from geophysics and geochemistry. Forty years ago we had no understanding of these topics, which are fundamental to so many aspects of the Earth Sciences. The editors have decided, and in my view quite rightly, not to include detailed discussion of the present technology that is used to make geophysical and geochemical measurements. Such instrumental aspects are changing rapidly and become dated very quickly. They can easily be found in more technical publications. Instead the editors have concentrated on the influence such studies have had on our understanding of the Earth and its evolution, and in so doing have produced an excellent and accessible account of what is now known.
Any encyclopedia has to satisfy a wide variety of users, and in particular those who know that some subject like sedimentation or mineral exploration is part of geology, and go to an encyclopedia of geology to find out more. The editors have made a very thorough attempt to satisfy such users, and have included sections on such unexpected geological topics as the evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere, the geology of Jupiter, Saturn, and their moons, aggregates, and creationism. I congratulate the editors and authors for producing such a fine summary of our present knowledge, and am particularly pleased that they intend to produce an online version of the encyclopedia. Though I have become addicted to using the Internet as my general encyclopedia, I will be delighted to be able to access something concerned with my own field that is as organized and scholarly as are these volumes.
Few areas of science can have changed as fast as geology has in the past forty years. In the first half of the last century geologists were divided, often bitterly, between the drifters and those who believed that the Earth and its continents were static. Neither side of this debate foresaw that the application of methods from physics, chemistry and mathematics to these speculations would revolutionize the study of all aspects of the Earth Sciences, and would lead to accurate and detailed reconstructions of world geography at former times, as well as to an understanding of the origin of the forces that maintain the continental movements. This change in world-view is no longer controversial, and is now embedded in every aspect of the Earth Sciences. It is a real pleasure to see this change, which has revitalized so many classic areas of research, reflected in the articles of this encyclopedia. Particularly affected are the articles on large-scale Earth processes, which discuss many of the new geological ideas that have come from geophysics and geochemistry. Forty years ago we had no understanding of these topics, which are fundamental to so many aspects of the Earth Sciences. The editors have decided, and in my view quite rightly, not to include detailed discussion of the present technology that is used to make geophysical and geochemical measurements. Such instrumental aspects are changing rapidly and become dated very quickly. They can easily be found in more technical publications. Instead the editors have concentrated on the influence such studies have had on our understanding of the Earth and its evolution, and in so doing have produced an excellent and accessible account of what is now known.
Any encyclopedia has to satisfy a wide variety of users, and in particular those who know that some subject like sedimentation or mineral exploration is part of geology, and go to an encyclopedia of geology to find out more. The editors have made a very thorough attempt to satisfy such users, and have included sections on such unexpected geological topics as the evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere, the geology of Jupiter, Saturn, and their moons, aggregates, and creationism. I congratulate the editors and authors for producing such a fine summary of our present knowledge, and am particularly pleased that they intend to produce an online version of the encyclopedia. Though I have become addicted to using the Internet as my general encyclopedia, I will be delighted to be able to access something concerned with my own field that is as organized and scholarly as are these volumes.
Few areas of science can have changed as fast as geology has in the past forty years. In the first half of the last century geologists were divided, often bitterly, between the drifters and those who believed that the Earth and its continents were static. Neither side of this debate foresaw that the application of methods from physics, chemistry and mathematics to these speculations would revolutionize the study of all aspects of the Earth Sciences, and would lead to accurate and detailed reconstructions of world geography at former times, as well as to an understanding of the origin of the forces that maintain the continental movements. This change in world-view is no longer controversial, and is now embedded in every aspect of the Earth Sciences. It is a real pleasure to see this change, which has revitalized so many classic areas of research, reflected in the articles of this encyclopedia. Particularly affected are the articles on large-scale Earth processes, which discuss many of the new geological ideas that have come from geophysics and geochemistry. Forty years ago we had no understanding of these topics, which are fundamental to so many aspects of the Earth Sciences. The editors have decided, and in my view quite rightly, not to include detailed discussion of the present technology that is used to make geophysical and geochemical measurements. Such instrumental aspects are changing rapidly and become dated very quickly. They can easily be found in more technical publications. Instead the editors have concentrated on the influence such studies have had on our understanding of the Earth and its evolution, and in so doing have produced an excellent and accessible account of what is now known.
Any encyclopedia has to satisfy a wide variety of users, and in particular those who know that some subject like sedimentation or mineral exploration is part of geology, and go to an encyclopedia of geology to find out more. The editors have made a very thorough attempt to satisfy such users, and have included sections on such unexpected geological topics as the evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere, the geology of Jupiter, Saturn, and their moons, aggregates, and creationism. I congratulate the editors and authors for producing such a fine summary of our present knowledge, and am particularly pleased that they intend to produce an online version of the encyclopedia. Though I have become addicted to using the Internet as my general encyclopedia, I will be delighted to be able to access something concerned with my own field that is as organized and scholarly as are these volumes.
В книге «Земля» из серии «Полная энциклопедия» рассказывается об удивительной планете, на которой мы живём. Читатели познакомятся с особенностями происходящих на ней процессов. Многие рассмотренные темы соответствуют школьной программе по физической географии, а те, которые выходят за её пределы, послужат дополнительным материалом при подготовке к экзаменам.
Яркие иллюстрации и увлекательные сюжеты о необычных явлениях природы непременно заинтересуют школьников и не оставят равнодушными всех, кто интересуется географией.
Эта книга - о нашей планете, о том, как она живёт и по каким законам развивается. Вы узнаете много нового о тех явлениях природы, которые мы наблюдаем каждый день; и о тех загадочных феноменах, которые случаются раз в столетия. Вы поймёте, почему в ясный день небо голубое, а на закате - красное; увидите, как образуются атмосферные вихри и разрушительные волны цунами; узнаете, почему на нашей планете день чередуется с ночью и времена годасменяют друг друга.
Как ведёт себя шаровая молния? Почему на мачтах парусных кораблей зажигаются огни Святого Эльма? Есть ли «глаза» у тропических циклонов? Как образуются облака и полярные сияния? Почему в одних районах Земли безмолвные льды, а в других - знойные пустыни? Как дают имена ураганам? С какой силой давит на людей атмосфера? Почему синие моря называются Белым, Красным, Чёрным и Жёлтым? Где происходят землетрясения и можно ли их предсказать? Вот лишь некоторые вопросы, на которые Вы найдёте ответы на страницах этой книги.
Далеко не все явления природы до конца исследованы учёными, и не на все вопросы можно с уверенностью ответить. У планеты
Земля есть множество загадок, которые ещё предстоит отгадать.
Пусть эта книга окажется первой ступенькой знакомства с жизнью нашей планеты и с удивительной наукой географией, которая, быть может, станет вашей будущей профессией.
Few areas of science can have changed as fast as geology has in the past forty years. In the first half of the last century geologists were divided, often bitterly, between the drifters and those who believed that the Earth and its continents were static. Neither side of this debate foresaw that the application of methods from physics, chemistry and mathematics to these speculations would revolutionize the study of all aspects of the Earth Sciences, and would lead to accurate and detailed reconstructions of world geography at former times, as well as to an understanding of the origin of the forces that maintain the continental movements. This change in world-view is no longer controversial, and is now embedded in every aspect of the Earth Sciences. It is a real pleasure to see this change, which has revitalized so many classic areas of research, reflected in the articles of this encyclopedia. Particularly affected are the articles on large-scale Earth processes, which discuss many of the new geological ideas that have come from geophysics and geochemistry. Forty years ago we had no understanding of these topics, which are fundamental to so many aspects of the Earth Sciences. The editors have decided, and in my view quite rightly, not to include detailed discussion of the present technology that is used to make geophysical and geochemical measurements. Such instrumental aspects are changing rapidly and become dated very quickly. They can easily be found in more technical publications. Instead the editors have concentrated on the influence such studies have had on our understanding of the Earth and its evolution, and in so doing have produced an excellent and accessible account of what is now known.
Any encyclopedia has to satisfy a wide variety of users, and in particular those who know that some subject like sedimentation or mineral exploration is part of geology, and go to an encyclopedia of geology to find out more. The editors have made a very thorough attempt to satisfy such users, and have included sections on such unexpected geological topics as the evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere, the geology of Jupiter, Saturn, and their moons, aggregates, and creationism. I congratulate the editors and authors for producing such a fine summary of our present knowledge, and am particularly pleased that they intend to produce an online version of the encyclopedia. Though I have become addicted to using the Internet as my general encyclopedia, I will be delighted to be able to access something concerned with my own field that is as organized and scholarly as are these volumes.
В томе "Геология", не имеющем аналогов в современной научно-популярной литературе для детей, доступным языком изложены последние достижения теоретической и прикладной геологии. Читатель узнает о возникновении и строении Земли, слагающих её горных породах, геологических процессах, зарождении и эволюции жизни. В разделах, посвященных полезным ископаемым, подчёркнута не только их экономическая, но и культурная и эстетическая роль в ж#зни человечества от древнейших времён до наших дней. В составлении статей принимали участие известные учёные и преподаватели МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова и ведущих институтов Российской Академии наук. Через всю книгу проходит мысль о древних и вполне возможных будущих катастрофах, об уникальности и уязвимости планеты Земля.
Хорошо иллюстрированная, книга рассчитана на детей среднего и старшего школьного возраста, но, несомненно, будет интересна всем, кто интересуется естествознанием.
