We would like to thank the authors of the chapters in this book. They have contributed to research phreatic eruptions of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, monitoring of the unrest from 2014 to 2021, including the phreatic eruption in 2018, and risk management of Kusatsu Town.

The two small islands of Saba and St. Eustatius (Netherlands Antilles) lie on the northernmost subaerial end of the active arc of the Lesser Antilles. They are separated by the 28 km wide St. Eustatius Passage, and 20 km further along the arc the submarine Lumeyes Bank represents the northernmost volcanic center of the arc. Saba with an area of 13 sq.

In Advances in Volcanology, scientists from highly active volcanic countries, such as Japan, Italy, and New Zealand, as well as others from Germany, Portugal, and Russia, debate less commonplace themes. Topics from classic field volcanology, including practical problems with volcanic stratigraphy in oil exploitation, to the most modern techniques related to tomographic studies are discussed.

There are about 800 million people all over the world who are exposed to the hazards from volcanic eruptions, according to the 2015 Global Assessment Report by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR, 2015). That assessment takes into account typical impact areas around volcanoes, extending up to tens of km, and in a few cases, to more than 100 km from the vent. People within such areas live under direct menace from a variety of hazardous volcanic phenomena: lava flows, pyroclastic flows, volcanic ash concentrations and accumulation, lahars, tsunamis, landslides and collapses of the volcanic structure, ground deformation, ground shaking, harmful gas concentrations, etc.

More than 80% of the Earth's surface is of volcanic origin, testifying that volcanism was a dominant process in the creation and evolution of our planet. From a human standpoint, volcanic eruptions have engendered fear, superstition, fascination, and scientific curiosity. Since the emergence of volcanology as a science in the nineteenth century, the question of "How Volcanoes Work" has been considered by many minds, particularly in the wake of the well-publicized and documented catastrophic 1883 eruption of Krakatau (Indonesia) recently reviewed by $imkin and Fiske [1983]. However, many more decades were to pass before scientists could begin to address seriously this fundamental question: by undertaking the needed systematic, long-term studies of volcanoes, in addition to short-term expeditions in response to specific volcanic events.

The Antarctic Research Series: Statement of Objectives Board of Associate Editors 

The Velocity Structure of Mount Erebus, Antarctica, and Its Lava Lake R. R. Dibble, B. O'Brien, and C. A. Rowe

Velocity Modeling in the Erupting Magma Column of Mount Erebus, Antarctica R. R. Dibble

The Seismic Activity of Mount Erebus in 1981-1990 Katsutada Kaminuma

Monitoring Mount Erebus by Satellite Remote Sensing D. A. Rothery and C. Oppenheimer

The science of volcanology is the study of the transport of magma and its eruption on the surface. It is thus closely allied to the science of petrology, which is the study of the generation of magmatic liquid during melting and its modification and eventual disappearance during crystallization or quenching. The terrestrial planets are generally composed of a thin outer  crust; a solid mantle, which typically forms the dominant mass of the planet; and a dense iron-rich core, which may be liquid as in the case of the earth. Owing to a variety of chemical and physical processes, localized melting may occur in the outer mantle or lower part of the crust, leading to formation of molten rock or magma.

Natural geologic hazards arise from the interaction between humansс and the Earth’s natural processes. Recent natural disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed more than a quarter million people and earthquakes in Iran, Turkey, and Japan have shown how the motion of the Earth’s tectonic plates can suddenly make apparently safe environments dangerous or even deadly. Th e slow sinking of the land surface along many seashores has made many of the world’s coastal regions prone to damage by ocean storms, as shown disastrously by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Volcanoes are an astonishing manifestation of the activity of planets and their satellites, as observed in active and/or fossil examples on Earth, Mars, Venus, Mercury, the Moon and the Jovian satellite Io. On Earth, volcanoes are one of the most impressive evidence of the same imbalance in energy that is also driving plate tectonics. Active volcanoes have terrified and at the same time fascinated populations and civilizations for thousands of years.