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The science of volcanology is the study of the transport of magma and its eruption on the surface. It is thus closely allied to the science of petrology, which is the study of the generation of magmatic liquid during melting and its modification and eventual disappearance during crystallization or quenching. The terrestrial planets are generally composed of a thin outer crust; a solid mantle, which typically forms the dominant mass of the planet; and a dense iron-rich core, which may be liquid as in the case of the earth. Owing to a variety of chemical and physical processes, localized melting may occur in the outer mantle or lower part of the crust, leading to formation of molten rock or magma.
Natural geologic hazards arise from the interaction between humansс and the Earth’s natural processes. Recent natural disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed more than a quarter million people and earthquakes in Iran, Turkey, and Japan have shown how the motion of the Earth’s tectonic plates can suddenly make apparently safe environments dangerous or even deadly. Th e slow sinking of the land surface along many seashores has made many of the world’s coastal regions prone to damage by ocean storms, as shown disastrously by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
Volcanoes are an astonishing manifestation of the activity of planets and their satellites, as observed in active and/or fossil examples on Earth, Mars, Venus, Mercury, the Moon and the Jovian satellite Io. On Earth, volcanoes are one of the most impressive evidence of the same imbalance in energy that is also driving plate tectonics. Active volcanoes have terrified and at the same time fascinated populations and civilizations for thousands of years.
Vulcan was the one of three children of the Roman gods, Jupiter and Juno. As well as a number of minor divine attributes, Vulcan was the blacksmith of the gods – the god of fire. It is no wonder that the ancient Romans gave his name to a small island, Vulcano, off the coast of Sicily where at night they saw the lights of his fires and heard the sound of his forge. Today, the term volcano evokes scenes of running molten rocks, huge towering eruption clouds, explosions, ash and destruction. The study of volcanoes, or volcanology, aims to understand the importance of the Earth’s volcanic activity: What does it tell us about the structure of our planet? What risk does it pose to our lives? What economic benefits can we obtain from its power? This booklet aims to give you the background knowledge to enable you the share some of the wonder of volcanology with your students. <...>
Minerals are intrinsically resistant to the processes that homogenize silicate liquids—their compositions thus yield an archive of volcanic and magmatic processes that are invisible at the whole rock scale. Minerals and their inclusions record diverse magma compositions, the depths and temperatures of magma storage, the nature of open system processes, and the rates at which magmas ascend.
The Middle Miocene Orduzu volcanic suite, which is a part of the widespread Neogene Yamadag˘ volcanism of Eastern Anatolia, consists of a rhyolitic lava flow, rhyolitic dykes, a trachyandesitic lava flow and basaltic trachyandesitic dykes. Existence of mafic enclaves and globules in some of the volcanic rocks, and microtextures in phenocrysts indicate that magma mingling and mixing between andesitic and basaltic melts played an important role in the evolution of the volcanic suite. Major and trace element characteristics of the volcanic rocks are similar to those formed in convergent margin settings.
Петрогенезис ультрамафитов - одна из наиболее важных проблеы современной геологии. Особенно интересны альпинопшные гипербазиты и коматииты, свойства которых с одной стороны рассматривается как индикаторы глантийных процессов, а с другой - во многого определяют специфические черты металлогении в районах своего развития.
The title of this book may sound like a topic for science fiction, but perhaps even more remarkable is the realization that the information presented here is the result of decadesof detailed scientific studies of the geology of Mars from multiple spacecraft missions.
Key moments in European history can be identified with relative ease, whereas periods of formation or disintegration require more lengthy analysis and argument to define their significance. In prehistory, on the other hand, rarely can significant moments be identified, although with the characterisation of broad periods, change, gradual or otherwise, can be described. The essential outlines of the periods discussed in this book are well known; they pivot around one clearly identifiable event, the cataclysmic eruption of the Santorini (Theran) volcano sometime in the late 17th or late 16th century B.C.
