The objective of a gas-handling facility is to separate natural gas, condensate, or oil and water from a gas-producing ensate, or oil and water from a gas-producing well and condition these fluids for sales or disposal. This volume focuses primarily on conditioning natural gas for sales. Gas sweetening, the removal of corrosive sulfur compounds from natural gas, is discussed in Chapter 7; methods of gas dehydration are the subject of Chapter 8, and gas processing to extract natural gas components is discussed in Chapter 9. Condensate stabilization, the process of flashing the lighter hydrocarbons to gas in order to stabilize the heavier components in the liquid phase, is the topic of Chapter 6. Treating the condensate or oil and water after the initial separation from the natural gas is covered in Volume 1. <...>

В работе приводятся результаты исследований послепалеогеновых соляных образований Узбекистана и обобщается имеющийся по этому вопросу материал. Дается классификация галогенных осадков с выделением озерных, солончаковых (шоровых) и почвенных соленосных пород. Особое внимание уделяется минералогической характеристике главнейших участков соленакопления. Излагаются представления о четвертичном галогенезе республики (от Арала до предгорий Тянь-Шаня); рассматриваются физико-географические, морфологические и геологические условия соленакопления, имеющие важное значение для понимания процессов почвенного засоления орошаемых и неорошаемых земель. Приводятся новые данные о соленакоплении в Аральском море.
Книга предназначена для геологов, лимнологов, химиков, гидрогеологов, мелиораторов, почвоведов и других специалистов, занимающихся вопросами соленакопления в современных и четвертичных осадках.

Проблему связи соли с нефтью и углеводородными газами по важности можно сравнить с такими крупными проблемами естествознания, как проблемы происхождения нефти и углеводородных газов и формирования их залежей. Решение первой проблемы во многом способствовало бы решению других проблем и имело бы большое практическое значение для поисков нефти и газа. Вот почему выяснением связи соли и нефти геологи-нефтяники занимаются с самого возникновения нефтяной геологии как науки.

Рассмотрены природа фундамента корякско-камчатских структур, Особенности проявления главнейших латеральных и глубинных геолого-структурных неоднородностей и металлогении области, эндогенная зональность. Даны сравнительная металлогеническая характеристика и оценка зонально-блоковых структур островных дуг этого района. Освещены закономерности размещения проявлений ртути, меди, никеля, олова и др. Проведены типизация и геолого-экономическая оценка оруденения, изложен ряд теоретических вопросов определения качественных показателей месторождений.
Для геологов, занимающихся изучением рудных месторождений.

Garnets occur in more than 30 natural mineral parageneses forming the rocks of magmatic, metamorphoric and metasomatic origin, which suggests their crystallization in a wide range of physicochemical parameters. By the ratio of main components (Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Cr, Mn), garnets are divided into two major groups: almandine (pyrope, almandine, and spessartite) and andradite (grossular, andradite, and uvarovite). Pyropes are contained mainly in high-temperature peridotites and eclogites from deep xenoliths carried by kimberlite and alkaline-basaltic melts. In high-temperature and mesobaric metamorphic complexes (eclogites, granulites, gneisses, and schist), as well as in metasomatic rocks (skarns) garnets are represented by the varieties of almandine-grossular-pyrope series. When systematizing garnets by chemical compositions and parageneses in which they occur, normally different binary diagrams are used, including the diagrams in CaO–Cr2O3 coordinates [Sobolev, 1964; Sobolev et al., 1973]. <...>

This monograph is the generalization of up-to-date data and theoretical ideas on the problems of the geochemistry of rare earth elements (REE) in ultramafic and mafic rocks as well as in their minerals. As is the convention in the Russian, URSS literature, by the term “rare earth elements’’ or REE, we mean, after Henderson (Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, 1984), the chemical elements of Group IIIA of the Periodic Table of Elements from lanthanum to lutetium with atomic numbers from 57 to 71: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. For brevity, this group of elements is sometimes referred to as “lanthanides’’ (Solodov et al., 1998).

This book is aimed at postgraduates, undergraduates and workers in industry who require an introduction to geostatistics. It is based on seven years of courses to undergraduates, M.Sc. students and short courses to industry, and reflects the problems which have been encountered in presenting this material to mining engineers and geologists over a wide age range, and with an equally wide range of numerical ability. The book would provide the foundation of a course of about 20 to 30 hours, or of a five-day short course.

A very large part of our understanding of carbonate sediments and rocks is derived from studies made with the microscope. Field work lays bare the gross relationships, but is apt to be hampered by the failure of many limestones to reveal themselves clearly in the hand specimen-a serious handicap in so complex a group of rocks. Geochemical and X-ray studies, though profoundly influential, suffer not only from the length of time between question and answer, but, above all, from their inability to take cognizance of the complex fabrics which are of such critical importance in this group of multicomponent rocks. The immediacy of the microscopical approach has sustained this method as the major research tool throughout the rapid expansion of carbonate studies since World War 11: the newer and more discerning classifications depend on it. The development of refined staining techniques, of replication, including the shadowing of acetate peels, combined with the use of the transmission and scanningelectron microscopes, have shown, along with the subtle methods of cathodoluminescence, that the microscope has a rich future <...>

Petroleum geology is not a well-defined academic subject. It includes many different aspects of the Earth sciences which are used in petroleum exploration and production. Nearly all types of insight can in some cases be useful in petroleum exploration, but there are some disciplines that are most relevant. Since petroleum is formed and hosted in sedimentary rocks, sedimentology is critical. Palaeontology is important for dating rocks and carbonate reservoirs may consist mostly of fossils. Structural geology and basin analysis are also vital for reconstructing the migration and trapping of petroleum. Geochemistry and petroleum chemistry are also important. <...>

Planet Earth was formed roughly 4.6 billion years ago. For human beings—used to measuring time in terms of days, weeks, and months—such an enormous span of time can be a difficult concept to grasp. Geologists, scientists who study the Earth and the processes that continue to shape it, have broken up this vast expanse of “deep time” into major divisions based on what they have learned from the study of ancient rocks and fossils. The first of these divisions—from approximately 4.6 billion until 542 million years ago—is known as the Precambrian, meaning everything that happened before the Cambrian period. (Today some people prefer to call this period the Cryptozoic, which means “hidden life.”) Almost all of planet Earth’s history is Precambrian. Until recently, however, it has remained the most unknown, the strangest, and most perplexing period in all geologic

history—what some have referred to as the “Dark Ages” of Earth’s existence. <...>