Many engineering projects, especially major ones, entail excavations into water-bearing soils. For all such excavations, appropriate system(s) for the management and control of the groundwater and surface water run-off should be planned before the start of each project. In practice, this can only be done with knowledge of the ground and groundwater conditions likely to be encountered by reference to site investigation data. The control of groundwater (and also surface water run-off) is invariably categorized as ‘temporary works’ and so is often regarded by the client and their engineer or architect as the sole responsibility of the contractor and of little or no concern to them. In many instances, this philosophy has been demonstrated to be short-sighted and ultimately costly to the client <...>

The Wulingshan Mountains region of northwestern Hunan and eastern Guizhou provinces, China, contains some of the most complete and fossiliferous strata known in the upper part of the Cambrian. Easy access to good exposures has helped make this area the subject of numerous systematic, biostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and sequence-stratigraphic studies.

Почему тепло на Земле распределено неравномерно? От чего зависит климат и как взаимо-связаны океанические и воздушные течения? Почему когда-то в Арктике шумели рощи хлебного дерева и цвели магнолии, а на юге Индии царил холод? Можно ли изменить климат Земли, использовать айсберги для орошения пустынь и вулканы для борьбы со льдами?
Обо всем этом и еще о многом другом рассказывает книга Емцева и Парнова.

This book has grown and evolved from a course I teach at New Mexico Tech, which is taken chiefly by seniors and graduate students in the Earth Sciences. The rapid accumulation of data on plate tectonics, mantle evolution, and the origin of continents in the last decade has necessitated continued updating of the course. The book is written for an advanced undergraduate or graduate student, and it assumes a basic knowledge of geology, biology, chemistry, and physics that most students in the Earth Sciences acquire during their undergraduate education. It also may serve as a reference book for various specialists in the geological sciences who want to keep abreast of scientific advances in this field. I have attempted to synthesize and digest data from the fields of oceanography, geophysics, geology, planetology, and geochemistry, and to present this information in a systematic manner, addressing problems related to the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle over the last 4 Gy. The role of plate tectonics in the geological past is examined in the light of geologic evidence, and examples of plate reconstructions are discussed. <...>

Ultrabasic rocks of bahiaitic type occur as bands in amphibolite at Tovqussaq. It is concluded that the ultrabasics are formed in situ in the amphibolite in zones of stress concentration.
Stress of high order in connection with chemically, and mechanically generated heat is regarded to be the cause of the metamorphic differentiation that was responsible for the formation of the ultrabasic rocks.
From the results of the examination of the hypersthenes of the Tovqussaq region it seems reasonable to assume that the 'hypersthene may be used as a geological thermometer.
Ultrabasic rocks are described from other pre-cambrian areas and the peri-dotites of orogenic zones are discussed. The interpretation of the ultrabasic rocks as being the products of metamorphic, rather than magmatic processes seems to have general validity.
Finally, the peridotites are compared with eclogites vvhicii were probably formed in a similar way.

В книге освещается проблема геологии и нефтегазоносности трещинных систем, контролирующих трещинные резервуары нефти и газа. На основе выработанных в процессе длительного детального изучения трещинной среды рифейских карбонатных комплексов Восточной Сибири эффективных методик и технологий геологоразведочных, в первую очередь сейсморазведочных, работ разработана методология комплексного анализа продуктивных возможностей природных трещинных резервуаров. Подчеркивается ведущая роль флюидодинамического фактора при формировании скоплений углеводородов в трещинных резервуарах. Предлагаются новые подходы при изучении нефтегазового потенциала анизотропных породных образований, в том числе в баженовском комплексе Западной Сибири.
Книга представляет интерес для широкого круга геологов и геофизиков, работающих в нефтегазовой отрасли.

Standing on a rocky terrain, one may occasionally notice beautiful structures in rocks. The variety of geometrical shapes of the structures poses great inquisitiveness to an onlooker. What are these structures, how are these formed and what does their occurrence indicate are some of the questions that haunt his/her mind. Answers to these questions are hidden in a discipline of geology called structural geology, which encompasses the study of all aspects of the deformation structures such as their geometry, field relations, geographic distribution, genesis and related aspects. Since the structures in the context of structural geology are formed by deformation, these are also called deformation structures or tectonic structures. They occur on scales ranging from tens of kilometres to those that can be seen only under a microscope. Faults, folds and joints are some common examples of structures. Structural geology is closely related to another discipline of geology called tectonics, which includes deformation on a much larger scale, i.e. from regional to lithospheric. Structural geology and tectonics commonly go together and even overlap when studied on the same scale. Structures are sometimes associated with economic minerals and hydrocarbons. The type and orientation of structures are important in civil engineering work such as dams, tunnels and bridges. Structural geology has implications for academic, economic, societal and environmental aspects.

This chapter presents a panoramic view of the wonderful world of structural geology so that the reader systematically starts gearing up for an in-depth study of this discipline.

Mineralogy deals with the predominantly crystalline building blocks of the geologi-cal matter surrounding us, the minerals. Since this geological matter served as a natural environment for humans from the beginning of their existence as a habitat and source of raw materials, the study of minerals as raw materials, building materials, materials and jewelry has always been a vital necessity. Mineralogy from this point of view is one of the oldest sciences. The increasing production and use of technical materials led to the fact that the concept of minerals today has also been extended to synthetic products <...>

The distribution of gold in the lithosphere bears critically on models for gold ore deposits. One group of workers advocates derivation of gold from large masses of rock through fluid-rock reactions in the deep crust (Kerrich, 1983; Groves and Phillips, 1987; Colvine et at., 1988) while others stress the importance of relatively restricted petrogenetic groups of rocks termed source rocks that concentrate gold above the norm (Viljoen et al., 1970; Keays, 1984). It is therefore important to know the average gold contents for rock types of the lithosphere, and what concentrations are potentially indicative of mineralization. Tilling et at. (1973) noted that unaltered igneous rocks generally have less than 5 parts per billion (ppb) gold and that 10 ppb is exceeded only rarely. A survey of more recent data presented here confirms that statement. As ore deposits may concentrate gold 104 times the rock background, gold contents of only a few tens of ppb may indicate ore-forming processes.

Update of the Geologic Setting and Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposits of the Chuquicamata District, Northern Chile

Geologic Overview of the Escondida Porphyry Copper District, Northern Chile

Geologic Setting and Evolution of the Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum and Copper-Gold Deposits at Los Pelambres, Central Chile

Protracted Magmatic-Hydrothermal History of the Río Blanco-Los Bronces District, Central Chile: Development of World’s Greatest Known Concentration of Copper

Geology of the Bingham Canyon Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Deposit, Utah

Geology and Exploration Progress at the Resolution Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, Arizona