For many years, planetary science has been taught as part of the astronomy curriculum, from a very physics-based perspective, and from the framework of a tour of the Solar System – body by body. Over the past decades, however, spacecraft exploration and related laboratory research on extraterrestrial materials have given us a new understanding of planets and how they are shaped by geologic processes.

В результате изучения морфологической изменчивости в популяциях альбских и раннесеноманских гастроплитин и особенностей их онтогенетического развития установлены закономерности эволюции этого подсемейства аммоноидей. Основные различия видов проявляются на стадии эмбриональной раковины. В эволюции гастроплитин выделяются два этапа (ранний - средний альб и поздний альб - ранний сеноман), причем в каждом отмечаются фазы расцвета и угасания полиморфных популяций. Впервые описан онтогенез лопастной линии Neogastroplitefl americanas (Hees, et Weym.).
Границу отделов меловой системы на Северо-Востоке СССР рекомендуется проводить по первому появлению в разрезе раковин Parajaubertella kawakitana Mat.

Austin F. Rogers, the senior author of the first two editions of this text and professor emeritus in mineralogy at Stanford University, passed away at Berkeley, California, in April, 1957. His wise counsel as a former professor and his judgment as a mineralogist have been greatly missed during this revision. On the other hand, many readers, particularly those most familiar with Professor Rogers and his work, will recognize the influence of his teaching and will remember portions of the text which remain unchanged in the third edition.

Although mining is a conservative industry, economic drivers continue to encourage innovation and technological change. In mineral processing, equipment vendors, researchers and the operations themselves work to develop technologies that are more efficient, of lower cost and more sustainable than their predecessors. The results are apparent in new equipment and new operating practice. Any textbook needs to reflect these changes, and Barry Wills' classic is no exception.

The formation of sedimentary rocks may be reduced, in its most generat form, to the following scheme: mobilization of substances by weathering of parent rocks or by other means-+transfer of sedimentary material and partial deposition of this material in the course of transport -+arrival of the sediments at the terminal discharge basins and the final precipitation of the sediments here, which is conditioned by the physicochemical and hydrobiological peculiarities of the basins-+eonversion of sediments to rocks <...>

Today’s Turkey occupies an important geopolitical location: the junction of Europe and Asia. Geographically, Turkey is composed of Anatolia (the so-called Asia Minor) and Thrace, an eastern section of Europe. The Sea of Marmara, which is an inland sea, together with the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus separates Anatolia from Thrace and, at the same time, Asia from Europe. Being surrounded on three sides – by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west and the Black Sea to the north – Turkey offers the characteristics of a peninsula. Turkey is one of the charter members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and G20 (the Group of 20) where the world’s leading industrialised and developing countries meet to gather and discuss international affairs. The Customs Union Agreement between Turkey and the European Union plays a significant role in the development of the foreign tradecapability of the country. Construction, automotive, electronics, banking, textiles, petrochemistry, food, mining, agriculture and machinery industries are currently the leading sectors of Turkey’s economy <...>

Plate tectonics, as it operates in the modern earth, represents in a fundamental sense a mechanism by which excess thermal energy from the mantle is dissipated (Sclater et ai., 1980). A substantial data base now exists concerning the operation of plate tectonics during Phanerozoic time, and evidence for similar tectonic activity during Proterozoic time appears to be steadily growing, both in quantity and quality.

The time traveller was becoming despondent. Here she was, 2.7 billion years back in time, and she had spent most of the day flying over a flat, featureless plane. True, some hours back, she had passed over a chain of fiery stratovolcanoes strung out along the margin of the continent, no doubt marking the trace of an active subduction zone.

This textbook is intended to be used in a lecture course for college students majoring in the Earth Sciences. Planetary science provides an opportunity for these students to apply a wide range of subject matter pertaining to the Earth to the study of other planets of the solar system and their principal satellites.

Knowledge of equilibria in aqueous systems as well as understanding the processes occurring in hydrothermal mixtures are based to a large extent on experimental data on phase equilibria and solution properties for aqueous systems at temperatures above 150–200 °C. These data have been extensively applied in a variety of fi elds of science and technology, ranging from development of the chemistry of solutions and heterogeneous mixtures, thermophysics, crystallography, geochemistry and oceanography to industrial and environmental applications, such as electric power generation, hydrothermal technologies of crystal growth and nanoparticle syntheses, hydrometallurgy and the treatment of sewage and the destruction of hazardous waste.