Data on the geomagnetic field in the Balkan region and state borders were regarded as confidential information for a long time. Unfortunately this meant that geomagnetic field information was confidential information. The Republic of Macedonia was in a complicated situation because geomagnetic investigations were carried out by experts from Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro. When Macedonia became an independent country, a team of experts from the Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department for Geology and Geophysics in Stip and Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Physics in Skopje, started activities to establish a Geomagnetic Observatory in Macedonia. In the last four years, with the help of Dr. Jean Rasson from Institut Royal Météorologique, Centre du Physique du Globe in Dourbes, Belgium, a network of 15 repeat stations for measurement of the geomagnetic field in the Republic of Macedonia was created. For the first time since independence, all elements of geomagnetic field were determined <...>

This book starts with conversions. Although the metric system is being adopted worldwide, older data from Anglo-American countries will always be non-metric. Any deposit evaluation should be based on solid historical research. Many deposits have a long exploration history. Meticulous investigation of older data often answers many questions and avoids mistakes.
In addition, uncommon units used in the raw materials field are introduced.

Thereafter the book generally follows the usual steps of an evaluation: Assessment of tonnage and grades; conversion of geological data into mining data; derivation of a commodity price; calculation of return per tonne of ore; determination of optimum mine capacity; estimation of capital and production costs; final economic evaluation as appropriate for early stage projects.

The book ends with four chapters dealing with aspects of general interest to economic geologists and mineral economists: Valuation of exploration projects without mineralization, comparison of deposits, calculations of growth rates and equity

This book is written as a practical field manual to be used by geologists engaged in mineral exploration. It is also hoped that it will serve as a text and reference for students in Applied Geology courses of universities and colleges. The book aims to outline some of the practical skills that turn the graduate geologist into an explorationist:. It is intended as a practical 'how to' book, rather than as a text on geological or ore deposit theory. An explorationist is a professional who searches for ore bodies in a scientific and structured way. Although an awkward and artificial term, this is the only available word to describe the totality of the skills which are needed to locate and define economic mineralization.

Mining capital is capital required to develop mines from exploration, feasibility studies, mine design, construction, and commissioning to operation; capital to refinance and modernize old mines; capital to purchase mining, processing, and related mine infrastructure equipment; and capital to acquire mines. The supply of commodities remains vital to the development of modern society.

1 Introduction to the Landscapes and Landforms of Italy Mauro Soldati and Mauro Marchetti
Part I Physical Environment
2 The Great Diversity of Italian Landscapes and Landforms: Their Origin and Human Imprint Mauro Marchetti, Mauro Soldati, and Vittoria Vandelli
3 Outline of the Geology of Italy Alfonso Bosellini
4 The Climate of Italy Simona Fratianni and Fiorella Acquaotta
5 Morphological Regions of Italy Paola Fredi and Elvidio Lupia Palmieri
Part II Landscapes and Landforms

The methodology of isotope and geochemical studies involves the most complicated analytical procedures to obtain high-quality results and application to the analytical data of the genetic criteria developed by isotope geochemistry. Our results and recommendations can be regarded as innovative; they are for the first time based on such a broad and complete (11 systems) set of studies of independent isotope systems with nano- and micro-amounts of matter.

This book was initiated by a study conducted at Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Sciences for Shell Research. For the present book this study has been considerably enlarged and modified. The book has benefited from discussions with numerous colleagues, and numerous colleagues have provided us with unpublished data and information. Without this support, this book would not have been possible.

Volcanoes are an astonishing manifestation of the activity of planets and their satellites, as observed in active and/or fossil examples on Earth, Mars, Venus, Mercury, the Moon and the Jovian satellite Io. On Earth, volcanoes are one of the most impressive evidence of the same imbalance in energy that is also driving plate tectonics. Active volcanoes have terrified and at the same time fascinated populations and civilizations for thousands of years.

Water and earthquakes, while two seemingly separate subjects, do interact, as evidenced by the great many earthquakes during the last decade in themid-continental USA induced by the injection of toxic wastewater co-produced from hydrocarbon extraction.