Seismic inversion methods in geophysics is a technique used to transform seismic reflection data into quantitative subsurface rock properties. It is methods to integrate seismic reflection data along with well log data to extract a variety of petrophysical parameters. Geophysicists regularly perform seismic surveys to collect subsurface geological information in the exploration project.

Crystallography, an interdisciplinary subject, plays an important role in a wide range of subjects of science and technology. Its rudimentary knowledge is essential for beginners in physics, chemistry, mathematics, molecular biology, geology, metallurgy, and particularly to materials science and mineralogy. Its relationship with physics can be understood in terms of the following examples:
1. All conservation laws in physics are essentially interrelated with symmetry operations.
2. Symmetry considerations allow us to establish Pauli’s exclusion principle.
3. Periodic potential of the lattice is responsible for the creation of allowed and forbidden energy bands. Accordingly, materials can be classified as conductor, semi-conductor and insulator depending on the amount of band gap.
4. Relationships between the magnitudes of measurable parameters give rise to the tensor components of different physical properties in crystals. This list can be elaborated further. <...>

The task of this book is to convey some basic and in-depth knowledge on the traditional and recent theory of gravity inversion and integration for applications in geodesy and geophysics. The subject fields, physical geodesy and geophysics including geodynamics with emphasis on gravity information, are briefly introduced. Also the recent history of physical geodesy and gravimetric geophysics is reviewed. It follows that satellite techniques are indispensable for global to regional studies. The basic but important concepts of a geodetic reference system, frame and datum are also defined with examples. The Geodetic Reference System 1980, a versatile tool in most applications of gravity data, is presented in some detail. <...>

The book MATLAB Recipes for Earth Sciences is designed to help undergraduate and postgraduate students, doctoral students, post-doctoral researchers, and professionals find quick solutions for common data analysis problems in earth sciences. It provides a minimal amount of theoretical background and demonstrates the application of all described methods through the use of examples.

In the first chapter a birds’s eye view on how to use Python for scientific purposes is proposed. Then a chapter is devoted to visualization of small and large scientific data and modeling results. Examples range from retrieving and plotting time series of Geodetic data obtaining and visualizing large,open geophysical datasets.

This book is primarily intended for seismologists and technicians working with seismological instruments. Seismologists tend to take their data for granted, hoping that the black boxes of seismographs and processing software will take care of all the nasty problems, much like driving a car and not worrying too much of how it works. But cars stop or malfunction and so do seismographs. Thus a basic understanding of seismic instrumentation is essential, even for the seismologist who is never going to turn a knob on an instrument.

Coal is a type of solid-state combustible organic rock, which is transformed from plant remains by complex biochemistry, physical chemistry and geochemistry effects also known as the coal-forming process. Through deposition, coal eventually forms a seam within coal measure strata.

Since foundation of potential theory in geophysics is based on scalar and vector potentials, a brief introductory note on vector analysis is given. Besides preliminaries of vector algebra, gradient divergence and curl are defined. Gauss’s divergence theorem to convert a volume integral to a surface integral and Stoke’s theorem to convert a surface integral to a line integral are given. A few well known relations in vector analysis are given as ready references.

Vertebrates (Chordata: Vertebrata) are animals closely related to other animals with a notochord, namely, the lancelets (Cephalochordata) and ascidians (Urochordata). Although traditionally considered as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, a recent review by Irie et al. (2018) proposes the recognition of Vertebrata as a separate phylum, because of new evidence from comparative genomic, geneexpression, and morphological studies.

Gravity interpretation involves inversion of data into models, but it is more. Gravity interpretation is used in a “holistic” sense going beyond “inversion”. Inversion is like optimization within certain a priori assumptions, i.e., all anticipated models lie in a limited domain of the a priori errors. No source should exist outside the anticipated model volume, but that is never literally true. Interpretation goes beyond by taking “outside” possibilities into account in the widest sense. Any neglected possibility carries the danger of seriously affecting the interpretation <...>