This book has been written for those interested in, and concerned about, the future sources of metals for the industry, and through it for the rapidly growing population of the world. At present over 95% of the industrial metals come from mines situated on land and the exceptionally large (giant or world-class) deposits contribute the bulk, regardless of where they are located: one of the most practically relevant lessons of globalization. This role of the oversize deposits is projected to persist until at least the end of this century, but finding them is going to be increasingly more costly and will require all the sophistication and effort the exploration community could muster. This requires a solid broad knowledge to identify prospective areas for more detailed exploration, or to evaluate mineral occurrences available for acquisition, based on the time-tested technique of geological analogy. The chance of finding an orebody by accidentally stumbling upon it, or by unsophisticated prospecting, has by now been severely reduced. As mineral exploration is, and will continue to be, mainly precedent-oriented activity, there has been a need for a comprehensive text to provide essential facts about the global distribution of metals now and in the future, above the textbook level.

This is the third edition of our book Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics, revised and supplemented, including much new material responding to the progress in the theory of sound propagation and scattering in the ocean over the last 10 years. New topics are devoted mainly to such questions as the intrathermoclinc lenses and their effect on sound fields in the ocean, weakly divergent bundles of rays, ocean acoustic tomography, coupled modes, invariants of an interference pattern in a range-dependent oceanic waveguide, sound scattering by random highly anisotropic volume inhomogeneities (fluctuations of the refractive index of the sea medium) with a fractal spectrum, fractal nature of low-frequency attenuation in the underwater sound channel, small-slope approximation in treating sound scattering from the rough sea surface (Voronovich's approach), sound scattering by an air bubble near the sea surface, collective bubble behaviour, etc. Both the direct and inverse problems arc considered. Some rccent experimental data arc also added. More than 60 new references are presented. Some new references and figures arc preceded by the letter A.The book is intended for experts in acoustics and oceanology, engineers, postgraduates, and students of universities and institutes of geophysical and hydrometeorological profiles. Thus, it can be used as a scientific monograph and textbook of advanced type. The authors arc grateful to T.l. Tsyplakova for her great help in preparing the manuscript.

Geophysics, or physics modelling of geological phenomena, is as old and as established as geoscience itself. The statistical physics modelling of various geophysical phenomena, earthquake in particular, is comparatively recent. This book intends to cover these recent developments in modelling various geophysical phenomena, including the imposing classic phenomenon of earthquakes, employing various statistical physical ideas and techniques. This first book on statistical physics modelling of geophysical phenomena contains extensive reviews by almost all the leading experts in the field and should be widely useful to the graduate students and researchers in geoscience and statistical physics. It grew out of the lecture notes from a workshop on “Models of Earthquakes: Physics Approaches”, held in Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, under the auspices of its Centre for Applied Mathematics and Computational Science in December 2005. The book is divided in four parts. In the first part, tutorial materials are

My purpose in writing this book is to describe my own experiences, from my graduate student days in the 1950s to the present (2001). when I came upon phenomena or facts that did not support the prevailing ideas and theories, or even contradicted them. In some instances, the encounters began with nothing more than the naive questions I posed as a graduate student to my professors regarding a well-established fact: others were the result of questions my graduate students asked me. Essentially, this is an account of my personal encounters with some of the ideas and theories that once prevailed but were later eliminated in the history of auroral science. I believe that young researchers becoming successful as scientists depends on how they deal with new phenomena or facts that do not fit established theories. One cannot be a researcher unless he/she can encounter such a problem. This is because such ;ui encounter is the very first step for new progress. When encountering such problems, some may put the discordant facts on the shelf or sweep them under the rug. so to speak, at least for a while. Others may try hard to find a way to make new facts fit into prevailing ideas by modifying or improving them. Yet others may try to establish a new idea, scheme, or theory by adapting their findings and those of others, but abandoning the prevailing interpretation of the phenomena or facts. It has been my experience that it is the people in this last group who produce epoch-making progress in science. The choice of what to do when facing this situation is not easy and depends on many factors, lirst of all. researchers have to know where they stand at that point in the history of their scientific discipline. It is therefore crucial to have a deep historical knowledge of the background of a prevailing idea or the established interpretation of a phenomenon. To choose a course of action without knowing the background would be like starting to run in the dark without a sense of direction or of the surroundings. Unfortunately. I see too many young scientists doing just that, particularly those who believe that technological advance is everything. Often, a mentor provides the history, not necessarily in a classroom setting, but through daily interactions. I was fortunate to have a very good mentor. Sydney Chapman, who guided me during my early days.

Первое издание энциклопедии по геофизике земли было издано в 1989 издательской компанией Вана Ностранда Реинхолда. Более двадцати лет спустя, это новое издание, отредактированное профессором Харшом К. Гупта, представляет полностью пересмотренную и расширенную работу. Энциклопедия объединяет более 200 статей, охватывающих уже установленные и новые концепции геофизики из различных разделов науки, таких как геодезия, геомагнетизм, сейсмология, глубинные земные процессы, тектоника плит, вычислительные методы, и т.д. в систематическом и последовательном формате. Это авторитетный источник информации благодаря вкладу редакторов и авторов со всего света, предназначенный для нынешних и будущих поколений профессионалов.

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. We start with a fun puzzle in mathematics and mathematical methods. How many corners does a four-dimensional cube have? Does such a thing exist, you ask? You may be a geoscientist or a philosopher.

 Petroleum geoscience comprises those geoscientific disciplines which are of greatest significance for the exploration and recovery of oil and gas. These include petroleum geology, of which sedimentary geology is the main foundation along with the contextual and modifying principles of regional, tectonic and structural geology. Additionally, biostratigraphy and micropalaeontology, organic geochemistry, and geophysical exploration and production techniques are all important tools for petroleum geoscientists in the 21st century. This comprehensive textbook present an overview of petroleum geoscience for geologists destined for the petroleum industry. It should also be useful for students interested in environmental geology, engineering geology and other aspects of sedimentary geology.
Геология нефти включает в себя те геологические дисциплины, которые имеют наибольшее значение для разведки и добычи нефти и газа. К ним относятся геология осадочных пород, которая является основной, наряду с контекстными и современными принципами региональной, тектонической и структурной геологии. Кроме того, биостратиграфия и микропалонтология, органическая геохимия, и геофизические методы разведки и добычи являются важными инструментами для нефтяных геологов 21-го века. Этот всеобъемлющий учебник представлен как обзор геологии нефти для геологов нефтяной промышленности. Он также может быть полезным для студентов, заинтересованных в экологической геологии, инженерной геологии и других аспектов осадочной геологии.

This new book by Marc Pansu and Jacques Gautheyrou provides a synopsis of the analytical procedures for the physicochemical analysis of soils. It is written to conform to analytical standards and quality control. It focuses on mineralogical, organic and inorganic analyses, but also describes physical methods when these are a precondition for analysis. It will help a range of different users to choose the most appropriate method for the type of material and the particular problems they have to face. The compiled work is the product of the experience gained by the authors in the laboratories of the Institute of Research for Development (IRD) in France and in tropical countries, and includes an extensive review of the literature. The reference section at the end of each chapter lists source data from pioneer studies right up to current works, such as, proposals for structural models of humic molecules, and itself represents a valuable source of information.

IRD soil scientists collected data on Mediterranean and tropical soils in the field from West and North Africa, Madagascar, Latin America, and South East Asia. Soil materials from these regions are often different from those found in temperate zones. As their analysis brought new problems to light, it was essential to develop powerful and specific physicochemical methods. Physicists, chemists and biologists joined forces with IRD soil scientists to contribute knowledge from their own disciplines thereby widening its scope considerably. This work is the fruit of these experiments as applied to complex systems, involving soils and the environment.