This review of marine, cool-water carbonate ramps considers both their defining features and the key publications relating to them. Cool-water carbonate environments are dominated by open, skeletal debris-covered sea bottoms which support biological assemblages devoid of hermatypic coral reefs, calcified green algae and non-skeletal grains. The growing body of modem literature deals mainly with Neogene to Recent examples, particularly from the Australian, New Zealand and Mediterranean regions. Nevertheless, many ancient examples have been recognized and, without doubt, many more - currently described as 'tropical carbonates' - will also be found to be cool-water examples. <...>

The material in this book is derived from an intensive course in X-ray structure analysis organized on behalf of the Chemical Crystallography Group of the British Crystallographic Association and held every two years since 1987. As with a crystal structure derived from X-ray diffraction data, the course contents have been gradually refined over the years and they reached a stage in 1999 (the seventh course) where we considered they could be published, and hence made available to a  far wider audience than can be accommodated on the course itself.

The terms interlayering, mixed-layering, and interstratification describe phyllosilicate structures in which two or more kinds of layers occur in a vertical stacking sequence, that is, along c* or a line normal to (001). Phyllosilicate layers are strongly bonded internally but rather weakly bonded to each other. Thus, each layer approximates a one-dimensional “molecule” in the e* direction, and a two-dimensional crystal in the a and b directions. The basal surfaces of different kinds of layers are geometrically very similar and consist of sheets of oxygen or hydroxyl ions in quasi-hexagonal array. Consequently, layers with different internal arrangements can stack together and still articulate well at their interfaces. These structural factors are almost unique to the clays and phyllosilicates generally, and doubtless are responsible for the common occurrence of interstratified species. <...>

The aim of this book is to provide reliable information not only on the science of crystallization from solution and from melt but also on the basic design methods for laboratory and especially industrial crystallizers. Up to now the niche between scientific results and practical design and operation of large-scale crystallizers has scarcely been filled. A work devoted to this objective has to take into account relevant crystallization phenomena as well as chemical engineering processes such as fluid dynamics, multiphase flow, and heat and mass transfer. In the design of crystallizers, experiments are initially performed on laboratory crystallizers to obtain kinetic data. In this book, information is given on reliable scale-up of such crystallizers.