The use of computers as primary tools for carrying out geological research and databases for storing geological information has grown considerably in recent years. In the same period there has been a dramatic increase in the degree of collaboration between scientific institutions, universities and industry, and between geologists working in different countries. To facilitate collaborative work amongst geologists and to maximise efficiency in the use of geological databases a common approach to classifying and naming rocks is essential. This publication presents a scheme for the classification and nomenclature of metamorphic rocks that is practical, logical, systematic, hierarchical and uses clearly defined, unambiguous rock names <...>

Historically, geophysicists ted the results of their work to exploiation geologists, who then ted their conclusions to development geologists, who in turn fed the results of their studies (maps) to peti oleum engmeeis, who used the maps, in conjunction with measurements in wells and on samples taken from wells, to develop and produce oil and gas fields.

Reservoir stimulation and artificial lift are the two main activities of the production engineer in the petroleum and related industries. The main purpose of stimulation is to enhance the property value by the faster delivery of the petroleum fluid and/or to increase ultimate economic recovery. Matrix stimulation and hydraulic fracturing are intended to remedy, or even improve, the natural connection of the wellbore with the reservoir, which could delay the need for artificial lift. This chapter outlines stimulation techniques as tools to help manage and optimize reservoir development.  Understanding stimulation requires understanding the fundamental issues of petroleum production and the position and applicability of the process. <...>

Russia has increasingly become one of the most important centres for the activities on raw commodity assessments in the recent years due to its enormous resources spread out over a huge territory. As Russia is rapidly closing the gap between the requirements of the internationally accepted codes and its own resource assessment standard, the practical reality is that the legacy of the Soviet Union for the assessment of resources is still active and alive today. However, this does not mean the requirements of the old Soviet system, now the Russian system, are redundant or unacceptable to the codes seen in the international scenery; but it is rather a descriptive and useful tool which guides the competent persons and practitioners in a well prescribed way when they are assessing the mineral resources in Russia. As the old Soviet standard has also been adopted into the national legislations in the other former Soviet Union countries similar to the current Russian system, the Russian code has become an important element in reconciliation of the resources in accordance with the criteria defined in the internationally recognised codes for Reporting Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves such as JORC. This article reviews the experience of IMC in resource estimation in both Russia and neighbouring CIS countries in compliance with both the national code and international codes, and the related issues and obstacles faced and dealt by the competent persons <...>