It is well recognized that minerals are solidified by atoms. To comprehend, describe, and predict the manner of minerals, and rocks, which are clotted of minerals, or accumulation of thick mineral deposits over longest geological periods. Therefore, some elementary facts about atoms must be understood and how they behave. In this view, a full understanding of atom behaviors leads to mineral quantization theory. This chapter is devoted to building up the fundamental mineral quantization theory. In fact, majority of the research minerology work cannot explain probably how photon of remote sensing sensors interact with atom structure of every element. This forms complicated restriction in algorithm development to identify exact minerals in remote sensing data. In this regard, this chapter introduces the principle of minerals, rocks, and oil and gas explorations. <...>

When on November 21, 1783 the Marquis d’Arlandes and Pilatre de Rosier made a half hour voyage in their Montgolfier balloon near Paris and thus became the first aeronauts, few would have guessed that this achievement was not only the humble beginning of man’s conquest of aerospace but triggered off also a sequence of events which ultimately provided a powerful tool for the study of landforms and terrain conditions of all sorts. The potentials of aerospace observations have evolved with the technological progress of data recording and processing systems and of tire skyborne vehicles involved (Dolfuss, 1972; Quick, 1964; Parry, 1972).

This book focuses on remote sensing systems, algorithms, and their applications for evaluation of natural resources, especially in the areas of sampling design, land use and land cover (LULC) characterization and classification, natural landscape and ecosystem assessment, forestry and agriculture mapping, biomass and carbon cycle modeling, wetland classification and dynamics monitoring, and soils and minerals mapping.

Under the auspices of the Ministerio de Fomento of Peru, Mr. R. E. Coker was engaged in making studies and collections of animals of the Peruvian coast with the intention of contributing to the knowledge of the aquatic resources of the country. In the course of this work numerous economic notes were made in relation to the animals obtained.

On the portion of the collection consisting of Mollusca, the authorities of Peru, through the intervention of Mr. Coker, have requested the writer to prepare a report.