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Редактор(ы):Rafferty J.P.
Издание:Britannica, 2012 г., 295 стр., ISBN: 978-1-61530-541-4
Язык(и)Английский
Rocks. Landforms, minerals and rocks / Горные породы. Формы рельефа, минералы и горные породы

Rocks are the foundations upon which humans and other forms of life on Earth stand. Rock makes up the solid outer skin of planet Earth, as well as the molten and solid layers of Earth’s interior. Across the wide span of geologic time, no rock remains the same. Rocks begin as volumes of magma (hot, fluidlike mixtures of minerals, gases, and steam) that slowly rise and cool into igneous rocks at or near Earth’s surface. Exposed to the elements on the surface over long time intervals, igneous rocks may crack, flake, and break apart to provide the basic materials for deposits of sedimentary rock. After being subjected to high temperatures, high pressures, or bathed in chemical solutions, igneous and sedimentary rock may become metamorphic rock or revert into magma if conditions are particularly intense. The first part of this book provides the reader with a general treatment of rocks and their important properties, while the remainder of the book considers the three major types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. <...>

Издание:Rocscience, 2007 г., 26 стр.
Язык(и)Русский
RocLab. Анализ прочности массива с применением критерия обрушения Хука-Брауна. Руководство для пользователя

RocLab – это программа, определяющая параметры прочности породного массива с помощью критерия Хука-Брауна.
RocLab - это программный продукт Rocscience Inc. Эта программа является бесплатной

Том 28, Выпуск 4
Издание:Journal Geotectonics, 1995 г., 11 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Romanche fracture zone: Structure, evolution, and geodynamics / Зона разлома Романш: структура, эволюция и геодинамика

This work is based on survey data from the 13th and 16th cruises of the R/V Akademik Nikolai Strakhov. The tectonic structure of the Romanche fracture zone in the Equatorial Atlantic is considered. Based on its dynamics, kinematics and historical evolution, the zone does not seem to be a uniform structure. Its segments are of different age and evolved according to different dynamic and kinematic laws. The fracture zone is not continuous in space: deformations complicating it migrate both along and a cross its strike, creating new fracture zones with somewhat different orientation. Three geodynamic systems are recognized within the fracture zone, namely Rom 1, Rom 2 and Rom 3.   In the eastern junction of the rift and the Romanche fracture zone, the rift valley jumps northward with simultaneous prograding. A "dry" spreading mode is pronounced in the region.

Автор(ы):Eduardo A.P.Vieira, Souza L.H.
Издание:PGS Publishing, Linden Park, 2002 г., 12 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Salobo 3 Alpha deposit: geology and mineralisation

The Salobo 3 Alpha Deposit is found in the southeast of the Amazon Craton, north of the Serra dos Carajas, in the State of Para, Brazil. The deposit is contained in supracrustal rocks of Igarape Salobo Group of Archean age, represented by iron-rich schists, metagreywackes, amphibolites and quartzites. This sequence overlies the basement gneisses of the Xingu Complex composed of partially migmatized gneisses. The original stratigraphic relationships are masked by intense ductile-brittle shear zones responsible for the generation of allochthonous rocks. The deposit extends over an area of approximately 4000 metres along strike (NW), is 100 to 600 metres wide and has been recognised to depths of 750 metres below the surface. The estimated mineral resources are of the order of 789 Mt with 0,96% Cu and 0,52 g/t Au. Copper mineralization occurs as chalcocite and bomite, with subordinate quantities of chalcopyrite, together with variable proportions of molybdenite, cobaltite, covellite, gold and silver, lodged in schists with variable proportions of magnetite, amphibole, olivine, garnet, biotite, quartz and piagioclase. Brittle-ductile shear zone deformation has resulted in lenticular shaped ore shoots that characteristically show close associations between copper mineralization and magnetite contents. The host rocks were progressively metamorphosed to pyroxene hornfels facies, at equilibrium temperatures of 750°C, resulting from sinistral transcurrent transpressive shearing accompanied by oblique thrusting. A first hydrothermal event developed at temperatures between 650 to 550°C causing partial substitution of chalcopyrite by bornite and chalcocite, accompanied by intense K-metasomatism. This was followed by sinistral transcurrent transtensive shear zone formation, causing green schist facies metasomatism, characterized by intense chloritization and partial substitution of bornite by chalcocite. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the genesis of the deposit. Based on similarities in the ore mineralogy and the hydrothermal alteration pattern, this deposit could be ascribed to the large class of iron oxide copper-gold deposits.

Автор(ы):Swanson R.G.
Издание:American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, 1981 г., 95 стр.
Язык(и)Русский
Sample examination manual / Руководство по описанию образцов керна

Accurate sample description is basic geologic work - the   foundation upon which the entire structure of subsurface investigation rests. This manual has been compiled to furnish convenient reference data on standard   stratigraphic procedures.  Techniques of examining, describing, and logging well   cuttings, cores, and outcrop samples are set forth.

Although the primary responsibility of the sample logger was once that of providing correlation points for structural mapping, it has become increasingly important for him to provide stratigraphic data.  The source, transporting medium, environment of deposition, and post-depositional history of the sediments all can be determined by sample examination.  Two elements are involved:  logging to represent what is present in the samples, and interpretation of the geologic history from the material which is logged.

A description may become so detailed and voluminous as to obscure important characteristics; the stratigrapher must learn to be selective and report only significant details .  Sample studies should be made carefully and attentively.  The accuracy of a study is dependent upon the quality of the samples and the skill of the observer.  Thorough and careful initial examination and description of samples will save time and avert the necessity for re-examination.


Автор(ы):Абзалов М.З.
Издание:2011 г., 34 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Sampling Errors and Control of Assay Data Quality in Exploration and Mining Geology / Ошибки отбора проб и контроль качества данных анализа в геологоразведке и рудной геологии

The fundamental cause of the errors of samples of rocks and minerals collected by geologists for evaluation of mining projects is heterogeneity of the sampled materials (Gy, 1982; Francois-Bongarcon, 1993; Pitard, 1993). Constitution heterogeneity and distribution heterogeneity (Pitard, 1993) both are important and cause geological sampling errors. The more heterogeneous the sampled material the more difficult it is to obtain a representative sample and infer characteristics of the geological object from samples. The current chapter overviews sampling theory explaining sampling error types and their likely causes, and also describes the practical approaches used in the mining industry for estimating sampling errors and monitoring them at an acceptably low level. It is based on numerous case studies by the author (Abzalov & Both, 1997; Abzalov, 1999, 2007, 2008; Abzalov & Humphreys, 2002; Abzalov & Mazzoni, 2004; Abzalov & Pickers, 2005; Abzalov et al., 2007; Abzalov & Bower, 2009) and also reviews of the recently published QAQC procedures used in the mining industry (Taylor, 1987; Vallee et al., 1992; Leaver et al., 1997; Long, 1998; Sketchley, 1998).

Редактор(ы):Scholle P.A., Spearing D.
Издание:American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1982 г., 408 стр., ISBN: 0891813071
Язык(и)Английский
Sandstone depositional environments / Условия образования песчаников

The study of sandstone depositional environments has an extensive existing literature. Much of this literature is oriented toward the specialist in the field rather than the generalist, and contains materials largely devoted to the hydrodynamics of sedimentation or the mechanisms of sediment movement and deposition; a minority contains well-illustrated material which is applicable to recognition of depositional environments. This volume is specifically designed for use by the non-sedimentologist, the petroleum
geologist, or the field geologist who needs to use sandstone depositional environments in facies reconstructions and environmental interpretations. <...>

Автор(ы):Зибер Г.
Издание:Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, 2003 г., 612 стр., ISBN: 3-11-017549-5
Язык(и)Английский
Satellite Geodesy / Спутниковая геодезия

Methods of satellite geodesy are increasingly used in geodesy, surveying engineering, and related disciplines. In particular, the modern development of precise and operational satellite based positioning and navigation techniques have entered all fields of geosciences and engineering. A growing demand is also evident for fine-structured gravity field models from new and forthcoming satellite missions and for the monitoring of Earth’s rotation in space. For many years I have had the feeling that there is a definite need for a systematic textbook covering the whole subject, including both its foundations and its applications. It is my intention that this book should, at least in part, help to fulfill this requirement. The material presented here is partly based on courses taught at the University of Hannover since 1973 and on guest lectures given abroad. It is my hope that this material can be used at other universities for similar courses. This book is intended to serve as a text for advanced undergraduates and for graduates, mainly in geodesy, surveying engineering, photogrammetry, cartography and geomatics. It is also intended as a source of information for professionals who have an interest in the methods and results of satellite geodesy and who need to acquaint themselves with new developments. In addition, this book is aimed at students, teachers, professionals and scientists from related fields of engineering and geosciences, such as terrestrial and space navigation, hydrography, civil engineering, traffic control, GIS technology, geography, geology, geophysics and oceanography. In line with this objective, the character of the book falls somewhere between that of a textbook and that of a handbook. The background required is an undergraduate level of mathematics and elementary mathematical statistics. Because of rapid and continuous developments in this field, it has been necessary to be selective, and to give greater weight to some topics than to others. Particular importance has been attached to the fundamentals and to the applications, especially to the use of artificial satellites for the determination of precise positions. A comprehensive list of references has been added for further reading to facilitate deeper and advanced studies. The first edition of this book was published in 1993 as an English translation and update of the book “Satellitengeodäsie”, that was printed in the German language in 1989. The present edition has been completely revised and significantly extended. The fundamental structure of the first edition has been maintained to facilitate continuity of teaching; however, outdated material has been removed and new material has been included. All chapters have been updated and some have been re-written. The overall status is autumn 2002 but some of the most recent technological developments to March 2003 have been included.

Автор(ы):Eshagh M.
Издание:Elsevier, 2021 г., 487 стр., ISBN: 978-012-816936-0
Язык(и)Английский
Satellite Gravimetry and the Solid Earth. Mathematical Foundations / Спутниковая гравиметрия и твердая Земля. Математические основы

I would like to express my gratitude to those without whose support and help my idea could never come true. I am grateful to Professor Robert Tenzer and Dr Martin Pitonak for inspiring me with their positive words and encouragement about the idea of this book. I appreciate all support from my closest friend and colleague, Dr Majid Abrehdary, especially all the kind and scientific discussions about satellite altimetry and the Moho and density contrast determination. My special thanks go to Mr Andenet Ashagrie Gedamu and Mr Farzam Fatolazadeh for help in writing Chapters 8 and 10. Professor Bernhard Steinberger is acknowledged for his help by reading the draft version of Chapter 8 and commenting on it. Dr S.M. Ali Noori Rahimabadi is appreciated for the scientific discussion and advice regarding mantle flow theory.

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