This book has grown and evolved from a course I teach at New Mexico Tech, which is taken chiefly by seniors and graduate students in the Earth Sciences. The rapid accumulation of data on plate tectonics, mantle evolution, and the origin of continents in the last decade has necessitated continued updating of the course. The book is written for an advanced undergraduate or graduate student, and it assumes a basic knowledge of geology, biology, chemistry, and physics that most students in the Earth Sciences acquire during their undergraduate education. It also may serve as a reference book for various specialists in the geological sciences who want to keep abreast of scientific advances in this field. I have attempted to synthesize and digest data from the fields of oceanography, geophysics, geology, planetology, and geochemistry, and to present this information in a systematic manner, addressing problems related to the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle over the last 4 Gy. The role of plate tectonics in the geological past is examined in the light of geologic evidence, and examples of plate reconstructions are discussed. <...>

Plate tectonics is a major new paradigm, or scientific worldview, that profoundly changes our ideas about how the earth works. It has been compared to the Bohr theory of the atom in its simplicity, its elegance, and its ability to explain a wide range of experiments and observations.

Humans live on unsteady ground. This fact was made abruptly apparent on January 12, 2010, when a magnitude 7.0 earthquake devastated the Caribbean island nation of Haiti. Because many buildings in thisimpoverished country were poorly constructed, they could not withstand the shaking and collapsed en masse, particularly in the capital city of Portau-Prince, 15 miles from the quake’s epicenter. Rescue workers desperately combed through rubble, hunting for survivors. By early February, Haiti’s prime minister estimated that more than 200,000 people had been killed by the earthquake’s effects. This type of earthquake, caused by two separate sections, or plates, of the Earth’s crust sliding against each other is known as a strike-slip earthquake. It is just one example of the restlessness of Earth’s surface. <...>

The turn of the twenty-first century ushered in an upsurge of questioning of then-current views of the links between mantle convection and surface kinematics and volcanism. Since the early 1970s the mantle plume hypothesis had been the most popular explanation for volcanism apparently not explained by plate tectonics, including both large-volume magmatism and volcanism in regions distant from plate boundaries.