The National Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Code of Türkiye (the UMREK Code) designates the minimum standards, recommendations, legal requirements and practice principles for reporting Exploration Targets, Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves within the Republic of Türkiye with the purpose of adequately informing investors and other stakeholders. This Code is related to the public reporting related to Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves required by BİST, BDDK and SPK (see the list of acronyms in Appendix 12).

Unprecedented population increases have occurred since World War II. mostly in those countries with low agricultural productivity and low per capita incomes. Population growth coupled with rising energy costs and worldwide inflation has taxed the ability of farmers to meet human food requirements. In fact, in some areas. such as sub-Saharan Africa. the per capita food production has actually declined in the past decade.

This volume reproduces some of my published articles on the history of the natural sciences. I have used three criteria in making the selection. First, all these articles focus on the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries – or on what political historians often call “the age of revolution” – although a few range over a longer timespan. Second, all of them deal with the area of natural knowledge that at just this time was being transformed into the science of “geology”.

The Getchell veins are lenticular replacement bodies lying along arcuate branches of a complex range-front fault system. The fault zone cuts all rocks of the district and is tentatively dated as late Tertiary.

The more intensely mineralized portions of the deposit form a shallow blanket with roots that project downward into areas of sparse mineralization.    The gold shoots are restricted to areas of intense mineralization.

Native gold and native silver are the only economic minerals. The great bulk of the gold occurs in minute but microscopically visible particles. Some gold may also occur in submicroscopic particles and some may be in solid solution in pyrite and carbon.

The ore minerals, dissolved in alkali sulfide solutions, are believed to have been deposited when the sulfide ion concentration in the hydrothermal liquid decreased, making unstable the double sulfides of gold-, iron, and arsenic.

The Getchell deposit is similar in many ways to the Nevada quicksilver deposits and present-day hot-spring deposits. The Getchell ore occurrence may represent a gradation from the common epithermal gold deposit to the cinnabar deposit. It is therefore placed close to the feeblest end of the epithermal group.