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Издание 2
Автор(ы):Bathurst R.G.C.
Издание:Elsevier, 1975 г., 658 стр., ISBN: 0-444-40891-6
Язык(и)Английский
Carbonate sediments and their diagenesis / Карбонатное осадкообразование и диагенез

A very large part of our understanding of carbonate sediments and rocks is derived from studies made with the microscope. Field work lays bare the gross relationships, but is apt to be hampered by the failure of many limestones to reveal themselves clearly in the hand specimen-a serious handicap in so complex a group of rocks. Geochemical and X-ray studies, though profoundly influential, suffer not only from the length of time between question and answer, but, above all, from their inability to take cognizance of the complex fabrics which are of such critical importance in this group of multicomponent rocks. The immediacy of the microscopical approach has sustained this method as the major research tool throughout the rapid expansion of carbonate studies since World War 11: the newer and more discerning classifications depend on it. The development of refined staining techniques, of replication, including the shadowing of acetate peels, combined with the use of the transmission and scanningelectron microscopes, have shown, along with the subtle methods of cathodoluminescence, that the microscope has a rich future <...>

Издание:Blackwell science Ltd, 2002 г., 482 стр., ISBN: 0-632-01472-5
Язык(и)Английский
Carbonates sedimentology / Седиментология карбонатов

The intention of this book is to provide a detailed synthesis of the enormous body of research which has been published on carbonate sediments and rocks. Such rocks are worthy of attention for several reasons. They are volumetrically a most significant part of the geological record and possess much of the fossil record of life on this planet. Most importantly they contain at least 40% of the world's known hydrocarbon reserves. They also play host to base metal deposits and groundwater resources, and are raw materials for the construction and chemical industries. No other rock type is as economically important. From a scientific viewpoint, carbonates are especially interesting for the diversity of their origins. Most limestones are ultimately biogenic in origin and an appreciation of biological and palaeobiological factors is essential in understanding their formation. Their simple mineralogies, usually monominerallic, belie their petrographic and chemical complexity and highly sophisticated microscopic and analytical techniques are required to decipher their diagenetic histories. Besides biological and geochemical expertise, understanding carbonate deposits also demands an appreciation of physical sedimentology and oceanography <...>

Автор(ы):Gosen B.S., Verplanck P.L.
Издание:2011 г., 8 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Carbonatite and alkaline intrusion-related rare earth element deposits─A deposit model / Карбонатиты и щелочные интрузии - связь с месторождениями редкоземельных металлов - модель месторождений

The rare earth elements (REEs) are not as rare in nature as their name implies, but economic deposits with these elements are not common and few deposits have been large producers. In the past 25 years, demand for REEs has increased dramatically because of their wide and diverse use in hightechnology applications. Yet, presently the global production and supply of REEs come from only a few sources. China produces more than 95 percent of the world’s supply of REEs.

Редактор(ы):Bell K., Keller J.
Издание:Springer-Verlag, 1995 г., 218 стр., ISBN: 978-3-642-79184-0
Язык(и)Английский
Carbonatite volcanism. Oldoinyo Lengai and the petrogenesis of natrocarbonatites / Карбонатитовый вулканизм. Олдоиньо Ленгаи и петрогенезис натрокарбонатитов

During the last few years, carbonatites have received a considerable amount of attention. Some of this interest was no doubt kindled by the importance of volatiles in the Earth's mantle, particularly CO2 , by the fact that carbonatites can be used to monitor the chemical evolution of the sub-continental upper mantle, and by the fact that carbonatites may be effective metasomatizing agents at both mantle and crustal levels. 

Издание:USGS, 2009 г., 19 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Carbonatites of the world, explored deposits of Nb and REE—database and grade and tonnage models / Карбонатиты мира, разведанные месторождения Nb и РЗЭ—база данных и модели сортности и тоннажа

This report is based on published tonnage and grade data on 58 Nb– and rare-earthelement (REE)–bearing carbonatite deposits that are mostly well explored and are partially mined or contain resources of these elements. The deposits represent only a part of the known 527 carbonatites around the world (Woolley and Kjarsgaard, 2008), but they are characterized by reliable quantitative data on ore tonnages and grades of niobium and REE.

Автор(ы):Чернышев Б.И.
Язык(и)Русский
Carbonicola, Anthracomya и Najadites Донецкого бассейна

Настоящая работа была закончена еще в 1924 г. В течение четырех лет я не мог, по различным соображениям технического характера, опубликовать ее. Такая задержка меня весьма радует, так как за это время я имел возможность обменяться коллекциями и письмами с профессором университета в Лилле P. Pruvost и тем самым подвергнул двойному контролю свои определения: с одной стороны, сравнив непосредственно свои образцы с французскими, с другой стороны—профессор P. Pruvost, просмотрев посланную ему коллекцию, указал на полное тождество донецких образцов с французскими и английскими. Другое обстоятельство, весьма благоприятное для моей работы, было то, что в течение четырех лет, постоянно работая в Донецком бассейне, я мог подвергать контролю те выводы, какие были мною сделаны в главах II и III. Такой контроль дал возможность, с одной стороны, подтвердить выводы и исправить мелкие недочеты и неправильные определения в тех толщах, которые подвергались наблюдению, с другой стороны—позволил расширить эти наблюдения на более обильном материале и, наконец, с третьей стороны—при таких наблюдениях часто удавалось разрешать некоторые неясные вопросы в геологии бассейна.

Издание:Санкт-Петербург, 2015 г., 91 стр., УДК: 551.735 (470.55/57), ISBN: 978-5-4386-0912-4
Язык(и)Английский, Русский
Carboniferous reference sections: potential candidates for the base of the Serpukhovian GSSP  and organic buildups, South Urals / Опорные разрезы карбона: потенциальные кандидаты в GSSP нижней границы серпуховского яруса и органогенные постройки, Ю. Урал

The purpose of the field trip is to show the standard and reference Carboniferous sections of the eastern slope of the South Urals. The area of the excursion is on the border of the Chelyabinsk Region and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The guidebook includes a summary of geology and Carboniferous stratigraphy of the Urals. Eight geological objects of the excursions are described and illustrated. The Verkhnyaya Kardailovka section, a candidate for the base of the Serpukhovian GSSP, is described in detail. A Devonian-Carboniferous section near Verkhneuralsk, the stratotype of the Lower Viséan Ustgrekhovkian Horizon on the Ural River, and Bashkirian organic buildups on the Bolshoi Kizil and Khudolaz rivers are described.

Редактор(ы):Mann P.
Издание:1999 г., 668 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Caribbean sedimentary basins: Classification and tectonic setting from jurassic to present / Карибский осадочный бассейн: классификация и тектонические условия от юры до нашего времени

The purpose of this introductory chapter is to describe the active tectonic setting of the Caribbean, its major crustal provinces, and to provide a simple classification for sedimentary basins in the Caribbean region. In addition to this background information on Caribbean basins, I provide a series of thirteen quantitative plate reconstructions based on the revised plate model of Mtiller et al. (Chapter 2). These reconstructions serve to place individual basins into a better tectonic framework. <...>

Выпуск 90
Автор(ы):Kuehn C.A., Rose A.W.
Издание:Economic geology, 1995 г., 20 стр.
Язык(и)Английский
Carlin gold deposits, Nevada: origin in a deep zone of mixing between normally pressured and overpressured fluids

Gold mineralization at Carlin is clearly younger than hydrocarbon maturation (pre-Cretaceous) and felsic dike intrusion (Cretaceous), and older than deep oxidation (late Tertiary). Within the episode of gold mineralization, the main gold ore (MGO) stage and late gold ore (LGO) stage are distinguished paragenetically, wi-th a variety of vein and mineralization types in each. MGO stage fluids contained 5 to 10 mole percent COa, appreciable H2S, and 3 ± 1 wt percent NaCl equiv. At least portions of MGO stage mineralization were characterized by two-phase boiling (COa exsolution) at 215° ± 30°C and 800 ± 400 bars. In contrast, LGO stage fluids were gas poor with salinities <1.5 wt percent NaCl equiv and record only nonboiling conditions. MGO stage fluids had 518Oh2o values of 5 to 9 per mil, whereas LGO stage fluids resembled unevolved meteoric water with 518Oh2o values < —3 per mil.

From the MGO stage to the LGO stage, calcite 5180 values shifted from near whole-rock values of 12 ± 3 per mil to around 0 ± 1 per mil as LGO stage fluids flooded the system. Jasperoids also record a large range (9-22%o) in 518Oh2o values. These data indicate the involvement of two very different fluids in ore deposition. Because MGO and LGO stage features are closely associated spatially with each other and with Au, As, Sb, Hg, and other ore elements, both fluids are believed to have both been present during most stages of ore deposition.

At pressures of 80 to 85 percent lithostatic, depths of 3.8 ± 1.9 km are required to accommodate the 800 ± 400 bars of pressure recorded in MGO stage fluid inclusions. Carlin, therefore, is not an epi-thermal or hot spring deposit. Carbon dioxide in gas-rich MGO stage fluids may have originated either directly from buried intrusions or their contact aureoles, or from low-grade regional metamorphism at depth. The water may have been originally meteoric, and Au may be magmatic or derived from leaching of deep metamorphic or sedimentary rocks. Ore deposition appears to have occurred in zones of throttling at a pressure seal between normally pressured and overpressured regimes, where fluids experienced a change from near-lithostatic to hydrostatic conditions. Such pressure seals are common in deep sedimentary basins and may be a key to highly localized gold deposition. Mixing of two fluids and interaction with host rocks along thin permeable bioclastic horizons are believed to have been the major factors in depositing ore.

 

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